“Drifting About the Outskirts of the World”

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V “Drifting About the Outskirts of the World”
(March, June–September 1866)

[MTP: N&J1_91]

There is an interval of slightly more than a year, from the end of February 1865 to the beginning of March 1866, between Notebooks 4 and 5. Mark Twain thought this period worthy of only a single paragraph in chapter 62 of Roughing It:

After a three months' absence, I found myself in San Francisco again, without a cent. When my credit was about exhausted, (for I had become too mean and lazy, now, to work on a morning paper, and there were no vacancies on the evening journals,) I was created San Francisco correspondent of the Enterprise, and at the end of five months I was out of debt, but my interest in my work was gone; for my correspondence being a daily one, without rest or respite, I got un-speakably tired of it. I wanted another change. The vagabond instinct was strong upon me. Fortune favored and I got a new berth and a delightful one. It was to go down to the Sandwich Islands and write some letters for the Sacramento Union, an excellent journal and liberal with employés.

Although no notebook and little correspondence or other contemporary documentation has survived, a number of details can be provided to expand
[MTP: N&J1_92] and modify this abbreviated account. It is clear, for example, that Mark Twain did not depend entirely on credit in 1865. Contributions to the Californian, occasional pieces in the Golden Era, and correspondence for Joseph Goodman's Virginia City Territorial Enterprise helped support a bohemian existence during the spring, summer, and fall of that year. On 19 October Clemens informed Orion and Mollie that he intended “to work in dead earnest” to get out of debt by writing regularly for the Territorial Enterprise and the San Francisco Dramatic Chronicle:

Joe Goodman pays me $100 a month for a daily letter, and the Dramatic Chronicle pays me or rather will begin to pay me, next week—$40 a month for dramatic criticisms. Same wages I got on the Call, & more agreeable & less laborious work.

In the same letter he belittled his emergent creative awareness in order to exhort Orion to become a “preacher of the gospel,” a profession he himself had despaired of attaining:

I have had a “call” to literature, of a low order—i.e. humorous. It is nothing to be proud of, but it is my strongest suit, & if I were to listen to that maxim of stern duty which says that to do right you must multiply the one or the two or the three talents which the Almighty entrusts to your keeping, I would long ago have ceased to meddle with things for which I was by nature unfitted & turned my attention to seriously scribbling to excite the laughter of God's creatures. Poor, pitiful business! . . . You see in me a talent for humorous writing, & urge me to cultivate it. But I always regarded it as brotherly partiality on your part, & attached no value to it. It is only now, when editors of standard literary papers in the distant east give me high praise, & who do not know me & cannot of course be blinded by the glamour of partiality, that I really begin to believe there must be something in it. (My Dear Bro: A Letter from Samuel Clemens to His Brother Orion, ed. Frederick Anderson [Berkeley, California: The Berkeley Albion, 1961], pp. 6–8)

Mark Twain's first great success with an eastern paper was imminent. On 26 February, upon his return from the Mother Lode country, he had written in Notebook 4, p. 82:

home again at the Occidental Hotel, San Francisco—find letters from “Artemus Ward” asking me to write a sketch for his new book of Nevada Territory travels which is soon to come out. Too late—ought to have got the letters 3 months ago. They are dated early in November.

[MTP: N&J1_93]

By the time his sketch, “Jim Smiley and His Jumping Frog,” apparently written between 16 and 23 October, was ready, it was indeed too late for inclusion in Artemus Ward, His Travels (New York: Carleton, 1865) and was instead offered to the New York Saturday Press, where it appeared on 18 November 1865. Acclaim was instantaneous, and the sketch was widely reprinted. Fed by this unexpected success, Mark Twain's impatience with the routine of daily newspaper reporting, even of the “more agreeable & less laborious” kind, grew. Anxious perhaps for a reason to appear on the eastern scene of his “Jumping Frog” triumph, on 13 December 1865 he wrote Orion of a plan to dispose of the Clemens property in Tennessee. He would accomplish this with the assistance of Herman Camp, a mining acquaintance with New York business connections:

He leaves for the east 5 days hence—on the 19th. I told him we had 30,000 acres land in Tennessee, & there was oil on it—& if he would send me $500 from New York to go east with, $500 more after I got there, & pay all my expenses while I assisted him in selling the land, I would give him one-half of the entire proceeds . . . .

Now I don't want that Tenn land to go for taxes, & I don't want any “slouch” to take charge of the sale of it. I am tired being a beggar—tired being chained to this accursed homeless desert,—I want to go back to a Christian land once more—& so I want you to send me immediately all necessary memoranda to enable Camp to understand the condition, quantity & resources of the land, & how he must go about finding it. He will visit St Louis & talk with the folks, & then go at once & see the land, & telegraph me whether he closes with my proposition or not.

Clemens later recalled that Camp “agreed to buy our Tennessee land for two hundred thousand dollars . . . . His scheme was to import foreigners from grape-growing and wine-making districts in Europe, settle them on the land, and turn it into a wine-growing country.” But Orion, then a temperance advocate, “said that he would not be a party to debauching the country with wine” ( MTA , 2:320). His schemes for riches and release at an end, Mark Twain continued to write for the Enterprise during the tedious winter of 1865/1866. He exorcised some of his frustration in a journalistic feud with Albert S. Evans, a reporter and editorial writer on the Alta California, who used the pseudonym Fitz Smythe in San Francisco and signed himself Amigo in dispatches to the Gold Hill Evening News, a rival of the Enterprise. In the course of this sometimes bitter exchange, Mark Twain launched an attack on the San Francisco police, who were
[MTP: N&J1_94] championed by Fitz Smythe. A similar attack had contributed to his hasty departure from San Francisco in December 1864, and in late 1865 and early 1866 this new one was signaling his readiness to leave again. In a letter of 20 January 1866 Clemens complained to his mother and sister: “I don't know what to write—my life is so uneventful. I wish I was back there piloting up & down the river again.” He went on to express unhappiness at having foregone a recent opportunity to get away, at least temporarily:

That Ajax is the finest Ocean Steamer in America, & one of the fastest. She will make this trip to the Sandwich Islands & back in a month, & it generally take a sailing vessel three months. She had 52 invited guests aboard—the cream of the town—gentlemen & ladies both, & a splendid brass band. I know lots of the guests. I got an invitation, but I could not accept it, because there would be no one to write my correspondence while I was gone. But I am so sorry now. If the Ajax were back I would go—quick!—and throw up the correspondence. Where could a man catch such another crowd together?

Clemens' desire for escape found expression in a sudden proliferation of literary projects, a reaction to stress or boredom that was to be characteristic throughout his life. According to the 20 January letter home, in the works were commissions to write for the New York Weekly Review and the New York Saturday Press and a collaboration with Bret Harte on a book of sketches and a book-length burlesque of “all the tribe of California poets” which would “just make them get up & howl.” He also noted a rumor current in San Francisco that Mark Twain “has commenced the work of writing a book . . . on an entirely new subject, one that has not been written about heretofore,” commenting:

The book referred to . . . is a pet notion of mine—nobody knows what it is going to be about but just myself. Orion don't know. I am slow & lazy, you know, & the bulk of it will not be finished under a year. I expect it to make about three hundred pages, and the last hundred will have to be written in St Louis, because the materials for them can only be got there. If I do not write it to suit me at first I will write it all over again, & so, who knows?—I may be an old man before I finish it.

The need to return to Saint Louis suggests that this book was to deal with material later to appear in Life on the Mississippi, but there is no indication that it, or any of the other literary projects of the moment, were advanced from the planning stage. Still at loose ends in late February,
[MTP: N&J1_95] after the return of the Ajax from Hawaii, Clemens made a brief trip to Sacramento whose purpose may be inferred from a letter of 5 March in which he jubilantly informed his mother and sister:

I start to do Sandwich Islands day after tomorrow .., in the steamer “Ajax.” We shall arrive there in about twelve days . . . . I am to remain there a month and ransack the islands, the great cataracts and the volcanoes completely, and write twenty or thirty letters to the Sacramento Union—for which they pay me as much money as I would get if I staid at home. ( MTL , p. 103)

The pleasure junket he had regretted declining some six weeks before had materialized again, this time as a roving commission. But if Mark Twain's assignment was in fact to write a letter a day for a month to report all that was important in Hawaii, its offer as well as its blithe acceptance suggest an innocence about these islands whose geography alone would have made compliance impossible. Still, boredom with the routine of his life in San Francisco precluded sober consideration of the conditions of escape. Two days after the exultant letter, Mark Twain went on board the Ajax and made his first entries in Notebook 5. Almost immediately he began gathering advance information about Hawaii from residents among the passengers. Although he diluted this seriousness of purpose with a readiness to yield to “the most magnificent, balmy atmosphere in the world” (Notebook 6, p. 192), the fact that he needed four months to “ransack” the Sandwich Islands was the result not of indolence, and not only of geography, but rather of the islands' variety and amplitude as subject matter.

The year 1866 was a watershed in Mark Twain's career, ending his period of apprentice journalism and introducing him to the expansive and independent labor that would culminate in the book-length travel narratives that established and propagated his fame. It marked a corresponding period of change for Hawaii. For by that year an era that had seen the Sandwich Islands become a sometimes volatile blend of mission and saloon had already begun to draw to a close, and the reign of the missionary and the whaler as dominant and conflicting forces in Hawaiian life was ending.

In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries their location had made the Sandwich Islands a provisioning stop and trading center for merchant cargo ships. After 1820 Hawaii became an important whaling port, and it was the whaling industry, particularly in the years from 1843
[MTP: N&J1_96] to 1860, that was most important to its commercial development. The island complex was soon a service area for whalers, offering those commodities essential to the enterprise: provisions, shipyard facilities, seamen recruits, taverns, women. After 1850 Hawaii even sent out a few whaling ships of local registry. But by the early 1860s a decline had set in, the effect of a scarcity of whales, competition from the growing petroleum industry, and the Civil War, which brought the destruction of many United States whalers by Confederate privateers and the laying up of others. After the war there was some recovery and widespread hope for more, but the bright prospects Mark Twain envisioned in an early letter to the Sacramento Daily Union probably reflected the forced optimism of Honolulu businessmen too accustomed to the easy profits from whaling to readily face reality. In fact, although it was not to proceed without reverses, the transformation to an agricultural economy had already begun, boosted by a Civil War boom in Hawaiian sugar, a smaller boom in rice cultivation, and some success in the production of cotton. And there were clear indications of what was to be Hawaii's greatest twentieth-century industry, the tourist, for in 1865 there had already been talk of the need for a first-class hotel in Honolulu, and the volcano Kilauea on Hawaii was attracting enough visitors for a new hotel to open there shortly before Mark Twain's arrival. Mark Twain's reporting of this economic ferment was influenced by a sense of mission, and in some of his Union letters he seems almost an evangelist for American capitalism, fervidly urging the commercial exploitation of the Sandwich Islands.

The influence of the whaler in Hawaii's early commercial history was matched in social and political areas by that of the American Protestant missionary. Late in 1819, just after the arrival of the first whalers, and with the missionaries already en route, a fortuitous series of events prepared the Hawaiian soil for seeding with Christianity. Fortified by drink and impelled by a strong-willed female chief in rebellion against restrictions imposed upon women, Kamehameha II sanctioned the existing disaffection with the kapu, or tabu, system by dramatically violating the interdiction against the mixing of the sexes at meals. Encouraged by the failure of the gods to take immediate revenge, the king proceeded to order the destruction of their images and the desecration of the temples. Thus, the Sandwich Islands discarded the religion that was an integral part of its social and political system. Into the void sailed the New England missionaries, fearing the worst kind of resistance and finding instead that God had
[MTP: N&J1_97] rewarded their faith and readiness for self-sacrifice by eliminating the competition. The missionaries' righteousness would probably have carried opposition before it in any case, but this turn of affairs fortified them for the initial encounter with the native condition and the subsequent difficulties of adjusting it to their own conception of morality and social order. Despite injunctions from the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, their controlling agency, the missionaries found it impossible to avoid assuming political as well as religious control of the Sandwich Islands, particularly when called upon by the king and chiefs to extricate them from difficulties with foreigners. Although theirs was a benign foreign intervention, at least in intent, the missionaries had no greater sense of the worth of the native way of life than the whalers, merchants, and grog-shop proprietors with whom they were frequently in conflict and from whom they were sometimes under physical attack. In the three decades after their arrival, particularly in the 1840s, the era of their greatest participation in government, the missionaries affected every aspect of Hawaiian life, supplying and enforcing an ideal of industry and self-denial and transforming the nation from a feudal autocracy to a monarchy with a constitution and an imposing bureaucracy that included a national assembly, cabinet, civil service, and independent judiciary. A good example of the profundity of missionary intercourse in Hawaii is the career of Gerrit Parmele Judd, whom Mark Twain met in Hawaii and mentions with approval and admiration in Notebook 5.

It would be difficult to overestimate the influence Judd had during the reign of Kamehameha III. He went to the Sandwich Islands in 1828 as a missionary doctor, but his activities as adviser to the king and chiefs soon took precedence over all other endeavors, leading him in 1842 to resign from the mission to devote himself entirely to government affairs. For more than ten years Judd literally “was the government” (Notebook 5, p. 115), holding successively the offices of minister of foreign affairs, minister of the interior, and minister of finance and enjoying almost dictatorial authority. His achievements were in accord with his power. Within a few years of his entry into the service of Kamehameha III, the government debt was liquidated. By the end of the reign of Kamehameha III in 1854, government income had been increased nearly eightfold and expenses were well in hand, a condition reversed during succeeding administrations, so that by the time of Mark Twain's visit the government was again in debt. Until he became convinced of the necessity of annex-
[MTP: N&J1_98] ation to the United States, Judd was an indomitable proponent of Hawaiian independence who played a crucial role in maintaining Hawaiian sovereignty in the face of challenges by England and France. During his political career the man Herman Melville called “a sanctimonious apothecary-adventurer” in Typee managed to alienate almost every element in the Sandwich Islands' foreign population—Americans as well as nationals of other countries, missionaries as well as merchants—by his unyielding insistence that they emulate his loyalty and commitment to Hawaii and by an unfortunate though understandable habit of identifying the government with himself. Judd's strict temperance opinions upset not only the merchants and whalers, but also Prince Alexander Liholiho (Kamehameha IV), who found revenge for the moral rigidity of his upbringing in political opposition to Judd. Attempts to impeach Judd were made in 1845 and 1848, but it wasn't until 1853 that his opponents finally succeeded in forcing his retirement. When he left office, Judd, who in 1843 had rejected the chiefs' offer of the entire Manoa Valley, a fertile area on Oahu facing Waikiki Beach, had only a thousand-dollar annuity to support a wife and eight children and tried a variety of enterprises, agricultural and commercial, to meet his expenses. Despite indifferent success, he lived in Hawaii for the remainder of his life. When he died in 1873, his estate amounted to about $50,000, only a fraction of what it might have been had he been willing to take advantage of his political position.

By the 1840s and 1850s the Protestant monopoly was beginning to break down, even though Judd and the other missionaries were becoming an integral and permanent part of the Hawaiian community, assuming citizenship, acquiring title to lands, engaging in secular pursuits, all with the approval of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, which desired to prevent their exodus by allowing them these means of providing for growing families. In 1839/1840 the Roman Catholics and in the 1850s the Mormons had established Sandwich Islands missions. In the early 1860s the Anglicans would also do so, and though this last addition to the ranks of their rivals was most bitterly resented by the original missionaries, it did not so much weaken their influence as indicate that it was already weak. For Kamehameha IV (1855–1863) and Kamehameha V (1863–1872) were the first rulers raised entirely under American missionary auspices. Both had become strong monarchists and adherents of the Anglican church in reaction against the rigid political and religious princ-
[MTP: N&J1_99] iples of their childhood teachers. Both seemed to present a political threat to the ambitions and security of Americans resident in Hawaii.

During the first half of the nineteenth century, through a succession of treaties and agreements, England, France, and the United States had, not always delicately, jockeyed for position in Hawaii. The two European empire-builders sometimes threatened to take influence away from the United States with intimidating displays of naval force. If the United States eschewed forceful tactics, it may have been partly because it had the wisdom to let biology accomplish what diplomacy of the gunboat variety could do only with more difficulty and less permanence. For the foreign community was disproportionately American, and the United States was inevitably on the way to assuming control by populating the islands with Americans and part-Americans, descendants of merchants and the prolific missionaries. Mark Twain recognized this means of achieving ascendancy and contended that “the main argument in favor of a line of fast steamers” between San Francisco and Honolulu was that “they would soon populate these islands with Americans, and loosen that French and English grip which is gradually closing around them” (Sacramento Daily Union, 17 April 1866, MTH , p. 266). Political possibilities were, of course, bound to economic realities, and the most significant of these was Hawaii's growing dependence upon the United States. There was a certain innocence about the attempts of the Hawaiian government to secure a reciprocity treaty to further and formalize its economic connection with the United States while at the same time trying to persuade the United States to enter into a tripartite treaty with England and France to guarantee Hawaiian independence. A sense of the relentlessness of the assimilation process was a cause of the definite unease that existed in Hawaii in 1866. Kamehameha V feared American political and economic domination, and his desire to keep Hawaii independent helped create an impression among Americans that official policy was anti-American. The resulting tension was exacerbated by the attitudes of the English and French officials in Hawaii who, although not actually plotting to annex the islands for their respective countries, were conspiring to preserve their independence from the United States.

What Mark Twain made of this is recorded in Notebooks 5 and 6 and in his twenty-five letters to the Sacramento Daily Union. The latter were a mélange of tourism, chauvinism, easy ridicule of the remnants of native culture, and exhortations to California capitalists, all set forth in a fashion
[MTP: N&J1_100] which, for all its frequent insensibility, was making literature out of the materials of a travel guide. Clemens' travel itself was extraordinary. After he had been in Honolulu for about two weeks preparing his first letters for the Union, he wrote his mother and sister: “The steamer I came here in sails tomorrow, and as soon as she is gone I shall sail for the other islands of the group and visit the great volcano—the grand wonder of the world. Be gone two months” (SLC to Jane Clemens and Pamela Moffett, 3 April 1866, MTL , p. 104). At about the same time he composed an overambitious itinerary of the six major islands (see Notebook 6, p. 229), part of which, however, he wasn't able to carry out. Although many of the particulars of his peregrinations cannot now be recovered, the general sequence is clear. He remained on Oahu from his arrival on 18 March until about mid-April, when he went to Maui by small island schooner, returning to Honolulu on 22 May. On 26 May he departed again, this time for the island of Hawaii and the volcano Kilauea. After a hasty three-week survey of Hawaii, which “ought to have taken five or six weeks” (SLC to Jane Clemens and Pamela Moffett, 21 June 1866, MTL , p. 106) and which did produce an incapacitating case of saddle boils, Mark Twain returned to Honolulu on 16 June. He planned to spend three weeks on Kauai, but the arrival in Honolulu of the Anson Burlingame party on 18 June and the survivors of the Hornet shipwreck on 23 June, as well as the lingering effects of his Hawaii trip, kept him on Oahu until his departure for San Francisco on 19 July.

This almost constant movement helps account for irregularities in Mark Twain's Hawaiian notebooks. The sequence of his notes is sometimes confused, not merely because of his practice of inserting entries at random, but primarily because of his alternation between Notebooks 5 and 6 and the loss of an intervening notebook.

It was on 11 March, while still aboard the Ajax, that Mark Twain first shifted from Notebook 5 to Notebook 6. After misplacing the former, he began the latter by recapitulating briefly his observations of the first four days of the voyage. He continued to use Notebook 6 for the balance of the down trip and in Honolulu until early April. There is then a gap in the notebooks corresponding to his eight weeks of interisland travel. Sometime after his final return to Honolulu on 16 June, apparently in the last days of the month, Mark Twain recovered Notebook 5 and with one exception (see Notebook 6, note 142), used it exclusively during his re-
[MTP: N&J1_101] maining weeks in the Sandwich Islands, on the voyage to San Francisco, and for about a month after his return.

The period embraced by the unrecovered notebook is thus apparent. On 22 May, the day he returned from Maui, Mark Twain had informed Mollie Clemens that in five weeks there “I have not written a single line, and have not once thought of business, or care or human toil or trouble or sorrow or weariness” ( MTL , p. 106), but this disclaimer must have referred only to sustained formal writing. It would have been so uncharacteristic of Mark Twain not to make notes, particularly when his Maui observations would be needed for letters to the Union, that it must be assumed that a notebook which succeeded Notebook 6 and preceded the return to Notebook 5 no longer exists. Indications of the contents of this unrecovered notebook can be found in the Sacramento Daily Union. In a letter published on 21 May ( MTH , p. 301) Mark Twain asserted: “I seldom place implicit confidence in my memory in matters where figures and finance are concerned and have not been thought of for a fortnight.” Nevertheless, his surviving Hawaiian notebooks contain only fragments of the statistical information about Hawaiian agriculture and commerce that appeared in the Union. Again, in a letter printed on 30 August ( MTH , pp. 379–380), Mark Twain reproduced inscriptions from the monument to Captain Cook which, while on Hawaii in June, he “with patience and industry” had copied in his notebook but which appear neither in Notebook 5 nor in Notebook 6. In fact, there is little correspondence between the Union letters devoted to events of late April, May, and early June, which were not written until mid-August in San Francisco, and the extant notebooks. Some information Clemens must have gathered during that period occurs sporadically in Notebook 5, but, given the associative and recollective tendencies of his mind, such notes probably repeat material originally recorded in the unrecovered notebook. As late as 20 August, a week after his return to San Francisco, the missing notebook was still in his possession, for on that date he quoted the following entry from it to his mother and sister:

On board ship Emmeline, off Hawaii, Sandwich Islands: Corn-bread brick-bats for dinner today—I wonder what Margaret [probably Margaret Sexton, formerly a boarder in the Clemens home] would think of such corn-bread? (journal letter to Jane Clemens and Pamela Moffett, 30 July–20 August 1866, TS in MTP)

[MTP: N&J1_102]

In addition to the missing notebook, there are other lacunae in the Sandwich Islands materials. As would be expected, no drafts of Mark Twain's Sacramento Daily Union letters have survived. Nor is there any significant documentation of his relationship with Anson Burlingame, United States minister resident to China, whom Mark Twain later lauded for having directed him to the paths of propriety and success ( MTA , 2:123–126). Burlingame receives only passing mention—and that only once—in Notebook 6, although it was he who interviewed the survivors of the Hornet fire while Mark Twain, prostrate with saddle-boils, managed to take notes for what was to be his most celebrated piece of reporting. Mark Twain won the confidence of Hornet captain Josiah A. Mitchell and passengers Samuel and Henry Ferguson and was allowed to make longhand copies of their diaries during the return voyage to San Francisco, but these copies, the basis of his subsequent Hornet writings, have never been located. The few excerpts from the Ferguson and Mitchell journals which occur in Notebooks 5 and 6 are certainly too fragmentary to be a complete transcription. Although it is possible that some of these lost materials were included in the missing travel notebook, their length suggests that they were separate documents. At any rate, it is clear that the Hawaiian record is not complete with Notebooks 5 and 6.

Notebook 5 is largely a shipboard diary, devoted to Mark Twain's journeys to and from the Sandwich Islands. Unlike the quick eleven-day steamer trip down, the voyage to San Francisco, which occupies a major part of the notebook, extended monotonously over twenty-five days aboard the clipper Smyrniote. Mark Twain occupied himself with considerations, sometimes angry ones, of Hawaii's past and future, speculated about the missionary temperament, talked with the other passengers—particularly Captain Mitchell and the Ferguson brothers and the Reverend Franklin S. Rising, a Nevada acquaintance—made notes for a Hornet article he planned to write for Harper's and for other sketches, read, and was lulled into reveries of childhood. As the tedious voyage dragged on, his true creative inspiration began to emerge. Hackneyed ideas for a collection of eloquent public addresses and for cheap burlesques gave way to notes which anticipate passages in Huckleberry Finn, Tom Sawyer, and Roughing It.

Clemens also filled the time with a long journal letter to his mother and sister, sometimes copying passages from his notebook into the letter and other times transferring material from the letter to the notebook. He began this letter on 30 July with the explanation: “I write, now, because
[MTP: N&J1_103] I must go hard at work as soon as I get to San Francisco, and then I shall have no time for other things.” After arrival on 13 August his first task was to finish his letters to the Sacramento Union, eight of which were yet to be published. On 20 August he was able to report: “I have been up to Sacramento and squared accounts with the Union. They paid me a great deal more than they promised me. I suppose that means that I gave satisfaction, but they did not say so” (journal letter to Jane Clemens and Pamela Moffett, 30 July—20 August 1866, TS in MTP). In the months after his return he found time to work on a book based on his Sandwich Islands letters, but in early 1867 he gave up trying to secure its publication. He completed an article for Harper's about the Hornet in time for it to appear in December as “Forty-Three Days in An Open Boat,” unfortunately attributed to “Mark Swain.” But perhaps the most significant use of his initial foreign experience came on 2 October 1866, when he gave his first Sandwich Islands lecture at Maguire's Academy of Music, a performance which, according to his own later reckoning, he repeated one hundred fifty times. After a brief visit to Sacramento in mid-September to report on the thirteenth annual fair of the California State Agricultural Society, again for the Union, Mark Twain spent most of the fall and early winter of 1866, a period for which no notebooks are known to exist, on an extended lecture tour of California and Nevada towns. Some of these towns are described in three “Interior Notes” to the San Francisco Bulletin, published in late November and early December. The lecture tour ended with a farewell discourse on the Sandwich Islands and a portentous tribute to San Francisco's coming brilliance at Congress Hall on 10 December 1866, just five days before his departure for New York. At one time Clemens had considered taking the new mail steamer to China at the invitation of Anson Burlingame, but although “everybody says I am throwing away a fortune in not going in her” (SLC to “My Dear Folks,” 4 December 1866, MTL , p. 122) he was occupied with a new assignment as traveling correspondent for the Alta California, was enjoying the prospect of a world tour, and was content to be going home for the first time in more than five years.

More than once he would return to the Sandwich Islands in his writings, for despite the early failure he did not give up his plans for a Sandwich Islands book. On 20 December 1870 he informed Albert F. Judd, the son of Gerrit P. Judd and later chief justice of Hawaii: “I am under contract to write 2 more books the size of Innocents Abroad (600 pp 8vo.) & after
[MTP: N&J1_104] that I am going to do up the Islands & Harris. They have ‘kept’ 4 years, & I guess they will keep 2 or 3 longer.” Just two years later Mark Twain's Sandwich Islands letters and notes, perhaps still in the form of the manuscript of the 1866/1867 book, provided needed material for Roughing It. Even this did not satisfy his literary ambitions regarding Hawaii, however, and in 1884 he began a Sandwich Islands novel about Bill Ragsdale, a “half-white” interpreter in the Hawaiian legislature whom Mark Twain had known in Hawaii. Ragsdale had later given up a “prosperous career” and the “beautiful half-caste girl” he was about to marry when he discovered he had leprosy and committed himself to Hawaii's leper settlement and “the loathsome and lingering death that all lepers die” (Following the Equator [Hartford: American Publishing Company, 1897], p. 63). The Ragsdale novel, Mark Twain wrote to William Dean Howells on 7 January 1884:

will illustrate a but-little considered fact in human nature: that the religious folly you are born in you will die in, no matter what apparently reasonabler religious folly may seem to have taken its place meanwhile & abolished & obliterated it. I start Bill Ragsdale at 12 years of age, & the heroine at 4, in the midst of the ancient idolatrous system, with its picturesque & amazing customs & superstitions, 3 months before the arrival of the missionaries & the erection of a shallow Christianity upon the ruins of the old paganism.

Then these two will become educated Christians, & highly civilized. And then I will jump 15 years, & do Ragsdale's leper business. ( MTHL , p. 461)

Despite the seriousness of this outline, Mark Twain had comic intentions as well, for on the flyleaf of his copy of James Jackson Jarves' History of the Hawaiian or Sandwich Islands (Boston: James Munroe and Company, 2d ed., 1844), he made these notes, evidently at the time he was planning the Ragsdale book:

The Mish have given native boys a college education—put in my horse-boy, translating Greek, &c but wholly helpless to earn a living where the land was importing mechanics!

Let old Commodore curse the Mish & always be laughing at them.

And on the back cover of the Jarves history Mark Twain listed four books that must have been among those he told Howells he had stacked up on his billiard table while saturating himself with Hawaiian information: William Root Bliss, Paradise in the Pacific; A Book of Travel, Adventure,
[MTP: N&J1_105] and Facts in the Sandwich Islands (New York: Sheldon and Company, 1873); Charles Samuel Stewart, Private Journal of a Voyage to the Pacific Ocean and a Residence at the Sandwich Islands in the Years 1822–25 (New York: John P. Haven, 1828); Rufus Anderson, The Hawaiian Islands: Their Progress and Condition Under Missionary Labors (Boston: Gould and Lincoln, 1865); George Leonard Chaney, “Alo'ha”: A Hawaiian Salutation (Boston: Roberts Brothers, 1880 [© 1879]). But although Mark Twain's plans and preparations for the Ragsdale novel were considerable, the work seems to have been abortive, and only fragments of it survive.

Throughout his career references to Hawaii would persist in many of Mark Twain's writings, but it was as a lecturer that he presented his best-known comment about the islands, the evocative “prose poem” delivered on 8 April 1889 at a reception at Delmonico's in New York for two touring baseball teams that had stopped briefly in Honolulu:

No alien land in all the world has any deep, strong charm for me but that one, no other land could so longingly and so beseechingly haunt me sleeping and waking, through half a lifetime, as that one has done. Other things leave me, but it abides; other things change, but it remains the same. For me its balmy airs are always blowing, its summer seas flashing in the sun, the pulsing of its surfbeat is in my ear; I can see its garlanded crags, its leaping cascades, its plumy palms drowsing by the shore, its remote summits floating like islands above the cloud rack; I can feel the spirit of its woodland solitudes, I can hear the plash of its brooks; in my nostrils still lives the breath of flowers that perished twenty years ago. ( MTH , p. 217)

In 1881, in a wistful letter to Charles Warren Stoddard, Mark Twain spoke of abandoning care and distraction and fleeing to the solitudes of Hawaii, but in 1895, while on his debt-paying world lecture tour, a cholera outbreak in Honolulu frustrated his desire for a nostalgic return to “the loveliest fleet of islands that lies anchored in any ocean” (SLC to H. P. Wood, 30 November 1908, MTH , pp. 242–243). The 1866 trip to Hawaii, Clemens' first excursion outside the North American continent, initiated the familiar conjunction of travel and literature that would establish his fame with Innocents Abroad and Roughing It, would be revived for A Tramp Abroad and Following the Equator, and would influence the narrative form of such important works as Huckleberry Finn, Life on the Mississippi, and A Connecticut Yankee, all of which are narrated by travelers.

[MTP: N&J1_106]

Pages 107 and 108 are photographic facsimiles from the notebook; their placement here is obviated by the facsimiles provided with the transcription below

[MTP: N&J1_108]

Notebook 5 now contains 182 pages, 27 of them blank. They measure 6 13/16 by 4 inches (17.3 by 10.1 centimeters). Each page is ruled with twenty-four blue horizontal lines and divided by red vertical lines into four unequal columns in account book fashion. The page edges are marbled in red, black, and gold; the endpapers and flyleaves are white; and the cover is stiff tan calf. Notebook 5 is worn with use, and it is possible that leaves no longer traceable are missing; the binding has been repaired recently. There are single entries in ink on the front and back covers and numerous entries on the flyleaves and endpapers. Most entries are in pencil, with scattered notes in brown ink. The front cover was dated “1866” in ink, apparently by Paine.

Paine's penciled use marks appear throughout, in addition to Clemens' usual use marks. Clemens also imposed on many entries in this notebook a system of symbols and numbers in pencil that are now only partially understandable (see illustrations). The significant symbols, which are represented or described in the present text immediately following the entries across which they were written, are: a spiral on entries concerning the Hornet shipwreck, the number 8 written over examples of historical eloquence, and a 78 used to designate contemporary anecdote, quotation, and other potential literary material (although most of this material does not appear in Clemens' extant Sandwich Islands writings). The categories designated seem sufficiently clear, but it has not been determined why Clemens selected these particular symbols.

Bibliography of Related Materials

The following bibliography gathers the sources most consistently used to document Mark Twain's Sandwich Islands notebooks. A number of additional studies and articles of more circumscribed use are cited in notes, where appropriate. Contemporary files of the Pacific Commercial Advertiser, the Hawaiian Gazette, and the Daily Hawaiian Herald provided a variety of information, as did issues of The Friend, an important Honolulu temperance periodical. The Hawaiian Almanac and Annual series, published for many years by Thomas G. Thrum, was frequently consulted for its retrospective notes and articles about Hawaiian life at the time of Mark Twain's visit. All of these sources were supplemented by reference to works too numerous and sometimes too ephemeral to mention, more important in establishing a sense of period than for providing specific annotations. At several
[MTP: N&J1_109] points in the preparation of the Sandwich Islands notebooks, information and counsel were most graciously supplied by Agnes C. Conrad, Hawaiian state archivist.

Alexander, William De Witt. A Brief History of the Hawaiian People. New York: American Book Co., [1891].

Anderson, Rufus. The Hawaiian Islands: Their Progress and Condition Under Missionary Labors. 3d ed. Boston: Gould and Lincoln, 1865.

Anderson, Rufus. History of the Sandwich Islands Mission. Boston: Congregational Publishing Society, 1870.

Andrews, Lorrin. A Dictionary of the Hawaiian Language. Honolulu, 1865.

Bradley, Harold Whitman. The American Frontier in Hawaii: The Pioneers, 1789–1843. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1942.

Daws, Gavan. Shoal of Time: A History of the Hawaiian Islands. New York: Macmillan, [1968].

Frear, Walter F. Mark Twain and Hawaii. Chicago: Lakeside Press, 1947.

Judd, Laura Fish. Honolulu: Sketches of Life in the Hawaiian Islands from 1828 to 1861. Edited by Dale L. Morgan. Chicago: Lakeside Press, 1966.

Kuykendall, Ralph S. The Hawaiian Kingdom. 3 vols. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1938–1967.

Morgan, Theodore. Hawaii: A Century of Economic Change, 1778–1876. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1948.

Pukui, Mary Kawena, and Elbert, Samuel H. Hawaiian Dictionary. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1971.

[MS: N05_front cover]

Ch 19—440

20 479

21 505

22 533

23 555

24 (old page) 452Ⓣtextual note 1

[MTP: N&J1_110]
[MS: N05_front endpaper]

“Wife perfect but
blamed if she
suits me”

Ferns, pendulous, creepingⓉtextual note 3

Mark Twain. Ⓣtextual note

Rev. Franklin S. Rising.

3 Bible House N.Y.Ⓣtextual note 2

[MS: N05_front flyleaf recto]

March 7, 1866.

A. Gamble—Unk4

[MTP: N&J1_111]

A. F. Smith O B.

E. M. Skagg—Gough

Barney Rice—Y Amer

Geo Gilbert—Q PacⓉtextual note

From San Francisco
to the Hawaiian
Islands per steamer
“Ajax,” Mch. 7, 1866.5

Man drawn up in spt d l'eau6

Prov 17 & 18—M[◊◊]

Isaiah 14 & 40

May Wentworth

—Mrs. Newman

621 Bush st.7

Mrsessrs.Ⓣtextual note J. & S. Ferguson

35 Pine st.

New York.Ⓣtextual note 8

[MS: N05_front flyleaf verso]

blank verso

[MS: N05_leaf_001r]
[MTP: N&J1_112]

7th—Got away
about 4 P.M. Only
about half dozen of us,
out of 30 passengers, at
dinner—balance all
sea-sick.9

8th—Strong gale
all night—shipp ed Ⓣtextual note rolled
heavily—heavy sea on
this evening—& black
sky overhead. Nearly
everybody sick abed yet.

9—Woke up several
times in the night—must
have had pretty rough
time of it from way the
vessel was rolling.—
Heard passengers heaving
& vomiting occasionally.

Very rough, stormy
night, I am told.

[MS: N05_leaf_001v]

blank verso

[MS: N05_leaf_002r]

At Sea, March 9.

I Just read letters
from home which should
have been read before
leaving San Francisco.
Accounts of oil on the
Tennessee land,10 & that
worthless worthless brotherⓉtextual note of
mine, with his eternal
cant about law &
religion, getting ready
in his slow, stupid way,
to go to Excelsior, insteadⓂemendation
of the States. He sends
me some prayers, as
usual.

March 10—We are
making about 200 miles
a day. Got some sail

[MTP: N&J1_113] on yesterday morning for
first time, & in afternoon crowded
everything on. Sea-gulls chase but no catch.

[MS: N05_leaf_002v]

10th—cont.

Three or four of the
sea-sick passengers came
to lunch at noon, & sev-
eral several of the ladies are
able to dress & sit up.

Captain reports
over 335 325 miles made
in past 24 hours.

Found an old ac-
quaintance acquaintance to-day—
never been anywhere
yet that I didn't find
an acquaintance.Ⓣtextual note 11

[MS: N05_leaf_003r]

11th—Ship Magnificent
day yesterday—sea as
smooth as a river w ruffled by a land
breeze. Occasionally
ship rolled a good deal,
nevertheless. Chief
Engineer Sanford says
reason is our head-winds
(S. W.) smooth down the
eternal swell that is al-
ways always rolling down from
N. W., but as soon as
the contrary wind dies
out, the old swell rolls
the ship again, even in
the calmest weather.
N. W. is the prevailing
wind farⓂemendation down through
Pacific, but dies out to-
ward toward equator—then
round Horn comes
up the S. E. wind, & its swell
lasts up toward line—both
swells die out & leave a space
on each side of line smooth as
glass & subject to calms.

[MS: N05_leaf_003v]

11th Con—

Nearly everybody
out to breakfast this
morning—not more
than ½ doz sick now.

The old

The old whalers
aboard (Capt.s. Smith, Fish
& Phillips12—two latter Shen-
andoah Shenandoah 13 victims—) say not
more than 4 months smooth
weather on this route a year.

[MTP: N&J1_114]

Butcher & Ayres visit the King.14

Wyhenas—[W] Hyenas.15

Leland arrested.16

Officers speak of the pleasant company on last voyage.17

[MS: N05_leaf_004r]

11th Sunday—OldⓉtextual note
strd setⓂemendation mn' m'nif Sun-
day Sunday Lnch.18

S. Islanders never intended
to work. Worse off now with
all religion than ever before.
Dying off fast. First white
landed there was a curse
to them.

Judd smart man—his
own countrymen ruined him.19

[MTP: N&J1_115]

Each native must pay
$8 annual tax, & worries
himself to death as how
going to do it. When come
off whaling voyage may
have $200—take & divide
up as long as got a cent.

Judd always kept country
out of debt & cleaned up his
tracks—since been out
[MS: N05_leaf_004v] country gone badly in debt.
He went out poor as a rat.
To prove his honesty, he was
the government & might have
cabbaged the whole country.

Allen, formerly Min-
ister Minister of Finance—now
Chief Justice.20

Whalers like Kanakas
better than any other sailors
—temperate, strong, faithful,
peaceable & orderly.

King always refused
sign Constution—he altered
one clause of it from univer-
sal universal suffrage to property
qualification, & when they
tried force him, & threat-
ened threatened streets run blood,
he bade them good morning
& said conference was ended.21

House of Nobles ap-
pointed appointed by King, & Lower
[MS: N05_leaf_005r] House elective.22 Under
Universal suffrage, Mis-
sionaries Missionaries used vote their
flocks for certain man,
& then sit at home &
control him. One
member (missionary's
son) said out loud in
open ne house, he con-
trolled controlled eleven votes
(a majority) in the
House.

[MTP: N&J1_116]

King not married.23
Well educated, & a P gen-
tleman gentleman . Has a father24
& sister living & will
appoint successor.

Country will even-
tually eventually pass into hands
of foreigners— proba-
bly probably French.25

[MS: N05_leaf_005v]

11th Cont.26

Fine day—good
N. E. breeze. Fore spencer
—fore-topsail—fore-to- gal-
lantsail gallantsail ; ji lower stu'n sails
—& fore-top-stu'nsl; jib &

[MTP: N&J1_117] flying jib—main spencer
—gaff top-sail.—all can-
vass canvass set. Made 230
miles past 24 hours—
good run.

Missionary cousin
got spittoon of old Gov.
Young,27 full teeth of en-
emies enemies he'd killed—man
to do nothing but take
care of it, keep any
one from getting hold
some possession of
his & pray him to death.28

Similar supersti-
tions superstitions in south.

[MS: N05_leaf_006r]

Only 65,000 natives
in the whole groupe
now—good many
coolies & Malays
brought there to
work plantations
& about 3,000 whites.29

English striving
hard for supremacy
—former King fav-
ored favored them— pres-
ent present favors Amerns 30

[MTP: N&J1_118]

Mr. B. I quarrel with
no man's proclivities—
but mine must be re-
spected respected —you can't make
puns in my presence—
I despise them, except they
utterly bad. Such as the first
animal created was chaos (a
shay horse)—none other. It
is so atrocious that it disarms—it
stuns.31

[MS: N05_leaf_006v]

Honolulu, June 29
—visited the hideous Mai
Pake Hospital & exam-
ined examined the disgusting vic-
tims victims of Chinese Lep-
rosy Leprosy .32

Rt. Rev. Bishop
Maigret, Roman
Cath.33 In his huge
church, congrega-
tion congregation sit on the floor
—has accommodan
in the yard for native
horses—shed for them
to loaf in.

Honolulu, June 30
1866—attended funeral
of Crown Princess
Victoria Kamamalu
Kaahumanu.34

[MS: N05_leaf_007r]
[MTP: N&J1_119]

July 3d 1866—Saw
star to-night on which
counted 12 distinct
& flaming points
—very large star
—shone with such
a pure, rich, diam-
ond diamond lustre—lustrous
—nes on a field on
dealdⓉtextual note, solid black
—no star very close
—where I sat saw
no other—

Moonlight here
is fine, but nowhere
so fine as Washoe.

All stars shine
pure & bright here.

[MS: N05_leaf_007v]

Brown called his
horse Haleakala—
extinct volcano— be-
cause because if ever been
any fire in him all
gone out before he came across him.

Harris currency
bill killed July 3
—ayes 3, noes 31.35

Himself, Varigny
& Dr. Smith36 aye.

Say Honoluluans
gossip—so do all
villagers.

[MTP: N&J1_120]

Young girls inno-
cent innocent & natural—I
love 'em same as
others love infants.

[MS: N05_leaf_008r]

If a man ask
thee to go with him
a mile, go with
him, Twain—
Honolulu joke by
Ed. Burlingame.37

Oudinot38

Wife perfect but
d—d if she suits
me.

Complete History
of old K. I. by
David Malo, con-
taining containing appalling
secrets, siezed &
[MS: N05_leaf_008v] suppressed by
K. IV., who was
ashamed of his
heathen ances-
tors ancestors & did not
like hear them
mentioned.39

Old Kanaka
Gov. lost at sea,
said innocently d—d fools,
go back where
started from
& start fresh.40

Natives will lie.

[MTP: N&J1_121]
[MS: N05_leaf_009r]

Italian Consul
& wife rebels41—Capt.
Davenport sent
for Lt Cushing
come & bring
band—42

Got that sweet
thing called Annie
Laurie—no give
'em Hail Colum
&c.

Removal of
Eagle43 by young
midshipman Lord
Beresford—Minister
gave 'em till 10 AM
next day restore it,
or go on the reef
[MTP: N&J1_122] at
[MS: N05_leaf_009v] 25c a day. On
time—Lord was
going to have car-
penter carpenter do it—Mc
said no Sir, with
yr own hands—
he complied.

Had it on board
sewed up in gunny
bag—

“No Sir, do it
yourself, you took
it down—the Amer-
ican American eagle will
not sully the hands
of even a British
Lord!” Mc not
usually excited.

Brit. Commissioner
Sing, very angry—
said too bad to make
[MS: N05_leaf_010r] a nobleman do
such a thing.

Capt of ship a
gentleman—said
unfortunately
had a man on
board with too
much money
& family.—18
yrs old—bossed the
ship—we hear
great deal about
nobles restrained
on shipboard.

He turned water
on at party at Sing's
house—good joke
—behaved like a
puppy.

Took barber pole
[MS: N05_leaf_010v] on board placed it
as barricade across
ward-room—30 ft
long.

Took immens
gilt boot & hung
it aloft where flag
of England flies—

Went round
town drunk & shout-
ing shouting for Jeff Davis44

Young men
cornered them in
gin mill & were
going to lam
them—they sent
for guard of marines.45

Not popular
save with the Court.

[MS: N05_leaf_011r]

When Harris
went aboard flag-
shipⓂemendation as she was
about to sail
Davenport insulted
him—wanted know
what he was indebted
to for visit?—intimated
broadly his room pref-
erable preferable to his company.

[MTP: N&J1_123] (Lancaster) = Ministers
& all consuls & digni-
taries dignitaries staid away from
Lancaster party—gave
as excuse they had to
attend Mrs Bishop's
party following night
& could not go to all.46

Navy boys well
received—be good idea
to have men-of-war
[MS: N05_leaf_011v] there often—hear
there is to be one
stationed there.47

Population (native)
still decreasing fast
—3 deaths to one
birth—12 per cent
natives are over
60 yrs old—this
from Amer. Minister

Congress ought
see that steamer
line runs to Ha-
waii Hawaii .48

[MTP: N&J1_124]

This is a Republic
ruled by the shadow
of a King & court
—they dare not do
[MS: N05_leaf_012r] any high-handed
work.49

If Prince Bill
is elected by Legis-
lature Legislature he is a
friend to Amer-
icans Americans .50

Americans want
annexation, of
course, to get
rid of duties.

It would be
fair to have reci-
procity reciprocity anyway—
then—no duties at
either end, Cal would
have entire S. I
trade.

[MS: N05_leaf_012v]

Southern Congress-
men Congressmen never would
hear of recipro-
city reciprocity heretofore.51

[MTP: N&J1_125]

White men marry
Kanakas—missionary
girls marry German
Jews.

In Kona, natives
make living watching
for adultery—fine
$30 each.Ⓣtextual note 52

They live in the S. I
—no rush—no worry—
merchant gooes down
to store like a gentleman
at 9—goes home at 4, &
thinks no more of bu-
siness business till next day—
d—n San F style of wear
ing wearing out life.

[MS: N05_leaf_013r]

D—m D—n Ka-
nakas Kanakas ride along
with you—walk whn
you walk—gallop
whn you gallop—trot
when you trot—never
say a word—perfect
shadows—know all
gospel but can't tell
you the way to any place.

If cut a shark in
two you die—a man
who was to fish &
divide up wh Wilder53
had to cut a shark in
two—said 20 yrs ago
would been afraid—
wd died—now be-
lieve believe in haole54 doc-
trine doctrine —still he did
[---] on death
got a little sick &
[MS: N05_leaf_013v] all natives came
& said Because
you cut shark
—at last he said
it was, & dided.Ⓣtextual note

Kao-Kao,55 Wilder's
nurse, wanted native
doctors—but su-
perstition superstition killed
her—she said the
natives say they
going to die &
they do.

Suppose been
a native with
Capt Mitchell56—he
would have died
sure.

꩜

[MTP: N&J1_126]
[MS: N05_leaf_014r]

All planters on the
islands have begun too
late—that itsⓉtextual note reason why
in debt—so slow about
getting mill up that
first cane has been
matured 4 months
when it is cut—then
of course the first
rattoons (the paying
g crop & has the money
in it,) gets no chance
—first cane ab-
sorbed absorbed all vitality
—& so the first rattoons
yield nothing—Wyllie
who ought to have
taken off $100,000 ( pri-
ces prices being high) took
of 80 tons—debts are
hanging there to-day
in consequence—
[MS: N05_leaf_014v] most of the plan-
tations plantations are in debt
—to see their ex-
travagance extravagance , it is a
wonder they sur-
vive survive at all.57

Wailuku58 begun
right—consequence
is, good payingⓂemendation
property.

S. P. Kalama saved
Dr Judd's life59 —once
when drunk he came

[MTP: N&J1_127] near riding into Hen
Luther Severance & his
young wife—scared
the woman to death
nearly—both wanted
[MS: N05_leaf_015r] cowhide him—
all arrived at Dr.
Judd's—it was almost
before the house—the
lady to recover, the
gent to cowhide & K
to explain & apologize
—gent. raised whip
to strike—Miss Judd,
taking a nearer look
(near-sighted) exclaim
“Oh, wait a moment
—I believe it is K—” Well,
who's K?—The story
was told & the lady's
wrath was dissolved
in tears. Old K. gets
drunk—is good & smart
—leaves Dr to pay his debts.

[MS: N05_leaf_015v]

“Mary, if you want
no children, take
glass water just
as go to bed—
nothing else,
Mary, don't take
anything else.”

Horse begin
to — like a thun-
der thunder storm & in
15 minutes cinch
would hang
down 3 inches
[MS: N05_leaf_016r] below horse's belly
—“Another blast
like that, & I'll
have to get down
& cinch him again

Rice fields look
well.60

Saw Ukeke's
2-story house
—relinquished
Legislature on
condition having
it shingled.61

[MS: N05_leaf_016v]
[MTP: N&J1_128]

235Ⓜemendation acres in
cane at Wilders62—in
fall will put in 90
more & take crop
off the full amount—
after a while the other two
miles of the plantation will
be planted & a portion of
the present allowed to
rest.

300 tons last year
—consider it (2 ton per
acre) a 300-ton plantation.

Matures in 12 mos &
always tassels in November.
—rattoons the same of
course—some of pre-
sent present crop is 3d rattoons

Rice (Luther Severance)
averages 1 ton an acre—has
100 acres in & buys 100 tons
a year from natives &
Chinamen—

Sometimes as high as
3 tons per acre.

[MS: N05_leaf_017r]

Polished, it is worth 8, 9, &
10 cents in San F.

Unpolished, but merely
hulled in the wheat thresher,
it is worth 5 cts here to the
Chinamen & they take a vast
deal of it.

US duty on rice is
2½ cents a pound.

Make one crop a year
[-]—could make 2, but the
rat season intervenes—

The rice is not sown,
but transplanted, 3 blades
at a time—very slow &
laborious.

Kao-Kao (or Kaukao)
d Kaoka's nurse, (at Wilder's)
died on Friday 13th July, 66, &
was buried Sunday after-
noon afternoon —pretty large crowd
—coffin of Koa, with beau-
tiful beautiful garland of gay flow-
ers flowers on it—it was wrapped
[MS: N05_leaf_017v] in the blankets & tapa
of deceased & mats —grave
3 ft deep—no dirt
thrown on coffin—grave
covered first with board.
—natives have aversion
to putting dirt on.Ⓣtextual note

Her father died last week—
nothing matter with the girl
—just thought she was
going to die.63

[MTP: N&J1_129]

Old woman whose
husband & daughter
died same way is going
to live in the tomb.

Pr. V. died in forcing
abortion—kept half a
dozen bucks to do her
washing, & has suffered
7 abortions.Ⓣtextual note 64

[MS: N05_leaf_018r]

Of the 17 children
in Royal School in 47
only 2 have children
living—one a ½ nigger
& the other a ½ white—
both illegitimate. The
royal stock is dead out.

Wilder has lost 10
natives in a year—only
3 births.

Certainly were 400,000
here in Cook's time—&
even in 1820—as far
as you can climb the
hills at Wilder's, there are
stones piled up where they
cleared for sweet po-
tatoes potatoes .

Wilder has a
school & church at his
own expense—hires
teacher & preacher &
children of natives are
[MS: N05_leaf_018v] free. Preacher $100 a year
for 1 sermon a week—
that is insures it to him
—what natives don't pay
he makes good.

[MTP: N&J1_130]

Mapuaa Hog God—
Slid had fight on hill
with Pele—she drove
him—he slid down
Kaliuwa—escaped into
sea—swam to Hawaii
—took up & spit sea
water into Kileaua
but couldnt put it out
—made up wh Pele
—he th pulled land
away (thus forming
Kawaihae Bay,) &
stuck it on North
end of Isld.65

Have taken 40,000
watermelonsⓂemendation from
[MS: N05_leaf_019r] Wilder's this year—25
acres among cane.

Lincoln said,
“You like McClel-
lan McClellan — h—l on dress
parade—no account
in action.”

Advertiser 12 or 1500
subscribers—Gazette
212½ by their own showing
—Nupepa Kuakoa
285Ⓣtextual note to 2,800.

Keaua

Ke Au Okoa
—2200 circ66

[MS: N05_leaf_019v]

American unpop-
ularity unpopularity is easily ex-
plained explained —they are Amer-
icans Americans , through & through
—no cringing to roy-
alty royalty —free, outspokenⓂemendation
& independent & fear-
less fearless .

Horse with 11 styles
of galloping—would
be pleasing variety
one at a time, but
mixed, is bad.

25c per doz—Why
these eggs are spoiled
—I know it— other-
wise otherwise how could I
sell them so cheap.

[MS: N05_leaf_020r]

Princeville plantan
3 tons—per acre.67

Kanaka fondness
for big funerals
—fellow died for one.

Policemen sing
the half hoursⓂemendation.

[MTP: N&J1_131]

Brown's horse belch
2 or 3 times have to get
down & cinch him.

I think if one of them
were to slide into Paradise
with their style of Chris-
tianity Christianity , St Peter would
start him out again
with a n [e] promptness that
would be in the last de-
gree degree surprising to him

[MS: N05_leaf_020v]

Howries72 talk so— Ⓣtextual note

“Good morning,
Brown.”68

“Aloha!”

“Have you been
to breakfast?”

“Aolé” Ⓜemendation

“Mr. Brown.”

“Well! what's the
pilikia now!”

When you going?

“Wiki-wiki.”

Now see here Mr B. (impressively

Well, there you go again. That
means pilikia, I know. Out with it, then. What's up now?
I spose I've let go something that's aole-maitai.”

“Give me your attentionⓂemendation, Mr. B. (◊◊◊◊◊◊) If you utter
another of those cursed native
words in my presence
I'll brain you! Ⓣtextual note

“Another of those
cursed native words &
I'll comb your head
with the bootjackⓂemendation! brain you! It
makes me mad. Every
whiffet that comes here
from Cal, picks up half
a dozen of the com-
monest commonest native Kanaka words
the first week, & forever
afterward he sandwiches them
into his conversation.
Now, you're at it, &
[MS: N05_leaf_021r] you've got to stop it
in mighty very short order.
Here for the last two
or 3 days you can't
say “good morning”
like a Christian, but
with a wretched affec-
tation affectation of knowing the
Hawaiian tongue, you
must say “Aloha!”
And you can't say
“No,” like a white
man, but must either
turn your right hand
over quickly [or s]
without speaking, or
else say aolé-ah-owrie
—if you are going to-
ward toward the sea, you say you are

[MTP: N&J1_132] going “mar-ki” and if
toward the mountains
it is ‘ma-mah-owkah”—
—if you would express such words as quickly & bad, you say “[kiki]Ⓜemendation 69 & oni” 70
if you are in trouble
of any kind, you are
pilikia—I won't have
[MS: N05_leaf_021v] it, Mr. Brown! It is
a poor mean presump-
tion &uousⓉtextual note affectation that has
been indulged in by gener-
ation generation after generation
of fools ever since Baa-
lam’s Baalam's ass introduced
it th it; & if I were you,
Mr. Brown, I would be
ashamed to subscribe
to a custom that had
such an origin.

“Mark, that's as much
as to say that I'm hoopili-
meai hoopilimeai 71 to Ba—”

It is well that the
man puppy escaped so expedi-
tiously expeditiously to the street, else
I must have imbrued
my hands in his gore.
Nothing aggravates me
like this contemptible
fashion I have been
abusing Brown about.
It I am attacked with it every day
[MS: N05_leaf_022r] by every silly stranger
& tortured from the ri-
sing rising until the setting
of the sun. But if
Brown destroys my
peace of mind again
in this way, he shall die.
The words are said.

Honolulu, July 18/66

Have got my passport from
the Royal d—d Hawaiian
Collector of Customs &
paid a dollar for it, &
tomorrow we sail for
America in the good
ship Smyrniote, Lovett,
master—& I have got
a devilish saddle-boil
to sit on for the first
two weeks at sea.

[MS: N05_leaf_022v]

“Why Ma, don't aske Ⓜemendation the
old thing to come in—
he'll sit & sit & sit—&
you'll never get rid of him!”

2—“Why Ma, it's one
o'clock.”

[MTP: N&J1_133]

Put B's picture in Book.

All small villages are
gossipy, but Honolulu
heads them a little—they
let me off comparatively
easy, though, & I don't
thank them for it because
it argues that I wasn't
worth the trouble of
blackguarding. They
only accused me of
murder, arson,
highway robbery & some
other little eccentricities,
but I knew nothing of
it till the day I started. The
[MS: N05_leaf_023r] missionary—I should
say preacher spirit feature
of insincerity & hypoc-
risy hypocrisy , marks the social
atmosphere of the
place.

A woman who
keeps a dog won't
do, as a gen1 thing.

Honolulu,
July 19, 1866,

The Comet, with
Howard73 & Mrs.
Spencer & Nellie
& Katie74 on board
left at 2 P.M., with
a great firing of
cannon, & went
[MS: N05_leaf_023v] to wind'ard ( un-
usual unusual )—we
left peaceably
in the Smyrni-
ote Smyrniote at 4:30 P.M
(Comet out of
sight) & went
in same di-
rection direction . Now
we shall see
who beats to
San Francisco.

Made 110 miles up to noon
of Friday 20th, but were then
only 10 miles from Oahu, having
gone clear around the island.

On 21st made 179 miles

[MS: N05_leaf_024r]

Sunday, 4th day out
—lat. 28.21 28.12. long.
157.42—distance 200 miles
in the last 24 hours.

Monday July 23—5th day—
lat. 31.34—longitude 157.30—
distance 202 miles.

[MTP: N&J1_134]

Literary Practice to form
correct judgment—Teacher
in S F school plans a novel
—& makes pupils write it.

Show up Life at
Sea & abuse “Life on the
Ocean Wave.”75

Petroleum for sore-
backed sore-backed horses.

Hospitality—Islanders
been so often imposed
on—J. Q. A Warren76

[MS: N05_leaf_024v]

And the lion shall
lie down with the lamb
& the latter shall get up
& dust.

Tuesday July 24—6th Day
out—lat. 34.31 34.31 N.
long. 157.40 W. Distance
180 miles. Had calms sev-
eral several times. Are we never
going to make any longi-
tude longitude ?Ⓣtextual note The trades are
weakening—it is time
we struck the China
winds about midnight
—say in lat. 36.

Wednesday 25th—lat. 37.18
long. 158.06—distance
170 miles. 3 P.M.—we
are abreast of San Francisco,
but seventeen hundred miles
at sea!—when will the
wind change?

[MS: N05_leaf_025r]

Ship California
loaded with grain at
San F for China.
—grain very scarce
in Australia &
China & very plenty
in Cal.

Capt. Lovett's
monkey story.77

Bp. Staley78 & 5 ass'ts—

[MTP: N&J1_135]

Nearly 50 Congregal (mostly native)79

Bp Maigret & 20 assts—

6 more Staleyites already
appointed for isld Hawaii
alone at $50 a month—

Thus in neighborhood of
a hundred preachers to
save 50,000 niggers, & they
dy decreasing at rate
12 per cent. Double
the preachers & you double
this per cent. Now the
[MS: N05_leaf_025v] idea of these d—d English
coming in here & trying
to gobble the work already
done by Americans—
it is just like them.80

There is more
gospel here tha in pro-
portion proportion to population
than any where else in
the wide world!

25th July—lat. 29, N.
—I was genuinely glad,
this evening, to welcome
the first twilight I
have seen in 6 years,

No twilight in the
S. Islands, California
or Washoe.

[MTP: N&J1_136]

Never mind—if you can find
way in dark, guess I can follow
that.

[MS: N05_leaf_026r]

600

48000

Damon 81—Oh—don't
swear, friend, don't swear
—that won't mend the matter.

Whaler—Brother Damon
it's all very well for you to
say don't swear, & it's all
right too—I don't say
nothing against it—
but don't you know that
if you was to ship a crew
of sailors for Heaven
& was to stop at Hell
two hours & a half for pro-
visions provisions , some d—d son of
a gun would run away.”

Thursday 26—Got 50 miles
above opposite San Francisco
& at noon started back & are
now running south-east
—almost calm.—1700 miles
at sea.

[MS: N05_leaf_026v]

Jim Lampton
& the dead
man in Dr.
McDowell's
College.82

Where did
you get that
excellent veni- venison
son venison venison at this
time of the
year?

It isn't veni- venison
son venison venison —it is a
steak off that
dead nigger.83

[MS: N05_leaf_027r]

Friday 27—We are just
barely moving to-day in
a general direction
southeast toward San
F—though last night
we stood stock still for
hours, pieces of banana
skins thrown to the great
sea-birds swimming
in our wake floating
perfectly still in the
sluggish water. In
the last
[MTP: N&J1_137] 24 hours we
have made but 38
miles—made most
of that drifting side-
ways sideways . Position at
noon, 38.55 N. 157.37 W.

“Did Smutty tum down
to see the baby?”

“Fly around gals
—Monday morning—
[MS: N05_leaf_027v] to-morrowsⓂemendation Tuesday
—next day Wednesday
—middle of the week &
no work done yet!”84

Tuesday & Friday
bean day; Saturday
fish day; Monday
& Thursday duck day
(or duff?) days. At 7
bells in the evening dog
watch pump ship.

The sea is fully as
level as the Mississippi
—at least as smooth
as the river is when
ruffled by a very light
breeze & swelling with
a few dying steamboat
waves.

[MS: N05_leaf_028r]

We see nothing on this
wide, wide, lonely ocean
—nothing but some
large sea-birds, some
times sometimes a dolphin, & oc-
casionally occasionally a Mother
Cary's chicken—these
latter persisting in
flying low, indicating
calm weather—the
sailors say they only
bring tidings of the
coming storm when
they fly high.

Poi not bad food—nor
beans—time of flood85 & fam-
ine famine 5 years ago in Es-
merelda Esmeralda , none but the
aristocracy had beans,
for dessert.

[MS: N05_leaf_028v]

The monotony of this
calm! One can only
tell the days of the week
by the food—duff on
Sunday, beans Tues-
days Tuesdays & Fridays,
Salt Fish on Saturday &c.

Women kiss—& then,
back turned, abuse each
other like a couple wildcats.
—female kissing is damnable custom.

Had an eye like
an albatross.

“Yr mother had
twins—you boy & a—
the boy died—why
how you have grown!”

[MTP: N&J1_138]

A land bird
came & hovered
over the ship
[MS: N05_leaf_029r] a while to-day—he is
a long way from
home—thought of the
old song—“Bird at Sea.”86

Ch. Eloquence—Prentiss'
speech on Miss Murder
Case87—Th. Parker's tirade
against Webster.88

The stabbed dead
man in my father's
law office.89

Splendidly-colored lunar
rainbow to-night.

Fishing for Goneys, but
hooks too large—the birds
bite freely, however.

[MS: N05_leaf_029v]

Man tells Brown
long thrilling adven-
ture adventure with no denouement
to it—no point—& Brown
abuses the same for
working up his interest
to no purpose.

Give sketch of 3d Mate's
belt—90

Caught 2 goneys
—they are all the
same size—they
measured 7 feet
1 inch from tip to
tip of wings.

They made a wooden
clog fast to him & let
him go—a pitiful ad-
vantage advantage for “godlike”
man to take of a help-
less helpless bird.

[MS: N05_leaf_030r]

Get photographs
of the Hornets.91

The bird looked re-
proachfully reproachfully upon
them with his great
human eyes while
they did him this wrong.

Saturday 28 May92

—38.46—156.36—48 miles—
glassy calm—had sternway a
awhileⓂemendation.

Actual distance
—straight courses—
ran by Hornet's long
boat was 3,360 miles
—devious make it
4,000

꩜

[MS: N05_leaf_030v]

Apologize or Fight
—“If he means the edi-
tor editor of this paper when
he speaks of his vision
having been blessed
once more with the
long green swell
of the Pacific. &”

Eloquence—
Th. Parker's funeral
sermon on Danl Webster
—Picture of Webster
standing amid the
“fire & smoke & thun-
der thunder of his own
eloquence.”93

Brown's disease of
the heart—stomach
—takes sug whisky 3 times
a day in which sugar
cane has been steeped
—can't carry cane con-
[MS: N05_leaf_031r] veniently, so carrie uses
plain sugar.

[MTP: N&J1_140]

People bring all man-
ner manner of diseases to the
S. I., & keep the people
always in danger.94

Sarcasm

Henry Clay Dean's “ Gen-
tlemen Gentlemen , the monument
still stands.”95

Old sailors96 did nothing
in the Hornet's boat but
spin fo'castle yarns
Jack & othe about ships
& former captains, & how
the grub was, l & what for
cook for lobscouse
was, &c—& Jack &
others like him who
could barely read &
couldn't sign their
[MS: N05_leaf_031v] names to the ship's
articles, blew all the
time about rich pa-
rents parents , reared in lap
luxury, &c & how
high toned they were
when at home &
how magnif they
lived!

꩜

Packed like a midship-
man’s midshipman's trunk— every-
thing everything on top & nothing
at hand.

A man can't know
any thing about Dr.
G. P. Judd from talk-
ing talking to him—but
read his writings—
he never jumps to a
conclusion but
when he arrives at
one it is monstrous
[MS: N05_leaf_032r] apt to be correct.—
Writes remarkably
clearly & concentratively
—his state papers are
models of clearness, per-
spicacity perspicacity & sound judg-
ment judgment —statesmanship
if you please. The whif-
fets whiffets who now hold office
should not speak lightly
of
[MTP: N&J1_141] him—the equal to
that shrewd, wise old
head of his does not
exist in the S. I. to-day.97

Rev. Lorrin Andrews98
taught himself how to en-
grave engrave & print on copper &
he taught students (native) of
Lahainaluna—they do it
handsomely. He taught
himself how to polish the
copper.

Population 110,000—27 yrs
ago—decreased 60,000 since.

[MS: N05_leaf_032v]

Contrary to law native
doctors & Kahunas have
Kings written license ($10)
to practice.

King is a heathen
—an old sorceress has
him under her thumb
—picks out the fish he
may eat—tells him
where in what house
he may sleep, &c. Ac-
companies Accompanies him in
all his excursions.
He was educated in a
Christian school but
has never submitted
himself to Christianity
—discovered his predi-
lections predilections for heathenism
in youth.

[MS: N05_leaf_033r]

Great extinct crater
of Mauna Loa is 24
miles circumference
& 1,2070Ⓣtextual note feet deep.

Great Crater on
Mauna Kea is
27 miles circum
& 1274 feet deep.

In a single voy-
age voyage they grew old in
the mariner's stormy
experience. In this
little voyage of 7 months
of theseⓂemendation 2 fresh young
college students was
crowded the sorrows,
the privations, the
[MS: N05_leaf_033v] bitter hardships &
the thrilling adven-
tures adventures of a whole
(long) lifetime before
the mast!

꩜

[MTP: N&J1_142]

Saml Ferguson is
about 28—a graduate
of Trinity College,
Hartford—Henry is
18—a student of same
college—Capt. says
the boys were good
grit— Henry's never
showed Ⓣtextual note lip never quiv-
ered quivered but once & that
was when he was told
that there was hardly
the shadow of a chance
for their rescue—and
then the feeling he showed
was chiefly at the
[MS: N05_leaf_034r] thought that he was
never to see his college
mates any more.

꩜

Chas Jackson, cook
& Federal soldier at
Jones'99—worked like a
horse—was a genius
& an intelligent one—a
German—he saved the
lives of 3 or 4 of the
men, performing for
them a service essential
to them & one which no
other man would have
undertaken. He would
swear like a trooper
at his every day work,
but on Sunday sum-
moned summoned the men by the
Capt's permission
& preached a feeling
& sensible sermon
from a well chosen
Bible text. Suffers
[MS: N05_leaf_034v] from a bad bayonet
wound in the thigh
—told me he served
3 yrs & was in many
battles—shipped in
a whaler for his health
—got disabled—was
put ashore at Jones
who took care of him
& pays him $6 a month
—feels sincerely grateful
to Jones & says will
never leave him.
Lost his papers, but
the US ought to give
the gallant Dutch-
man Dutchman his pension
anyhow—he treated
me well & if this will
serve him I shall
be glad. Before I
knew Jones well, I
acted a little savagely
—I apologize now
that I know him
better.

꩜

[MS: N05_leaf_035r]

D—d Englishman
named Spencer100
coameⓉtextual note down first
day—staid all day
& bored the life out
of the men—could
not insult or drive
him away.

꩜

I have but one
“specimen” saved from
Hawaiian Kingdom
—Hornet Third Mate's
belt.

꩜

[MTP: N&J1_143]

Volcano Rcihard-
son Richardson 101 out of provi-
sions provisions 11 months on
Guano island at
Equator—sun red
—days all same
length—Capt who
rescued him wrapped
him in poi so he
absorbed his food. 102

꩜

[MS: N05_leaf_035v]

Capt Clark103
went down to a
guano Island to
bring up a long
boat & did so, with
3 or 4 natives—over
a month making
the trip up.

Simple or and Touching
Eloquence—

Jeanie Effie Deans pleading
for her sister before
the Queen.104

Eloquence—Simplicity
Lincoln's “With malice
toward none, with charity
for all, & doing the right
as God gives us to see
the right, all may yet
be well.105—Very
simple & beautiful

[MS: N05_leaf_036r]

Boat106 sailed 3,360
miles—it is 3,100 from
N York to Liverpool.

“Don't fiddle—don't
fiddle, my son—many
a young man of noble
promise has been stopped
still & anchored at medi-
ocrity mediocrity just from learning to
play on the fiddle. Avoid
the awful seductions of
the fiddle as you would a-
void avoid the a snare set
for your undoing.”

“But—”

“I tell you it draws your
mind away from useful
pursuits &

[MTP: N&J1_144]

In 11 days these men were
walking about the
streets of Honolulu.

꩜

[MS: N05_leaf_036v]

Sunday 2 July 29.
Overcast, breezy and
very pleasant on deck.
All hands on deck im-
mediately immediately after break-
fast breakfast .

Rev. Franklin S.
Rising preached, & the
passengers formed choir.107

Very singular produc-
tion production —describe it. (They call
it a cucumber.Ⓣtextual note

[MS: N05_leaf_037r]

No less gifted artist
than Nature could have
tied those knots in the
excessively brief tails
of Victor's cats.108

Dont forget the
Elephant at the Pali.Ⓣtextual note

“Cannot move back
—impossible?— Noth-
ing Nothing is impossible on
Bunker Hill!” The
vast multitude fell
back with one impulse
like a wave of the sea.
—Webster.109

[MTP: N&J1_145]

Think of this prayer
uttered in an open boat
before uncovered
famishing men
[MS: N05_leaf_037v] in the midst of
the Pacific Ocean
& in the midst of a
sea lashed to fury
in the anger of a
storm:

O most powerful
& glorious Lord God
at whose command
the winds blow, & lift
up the waves of the
sea, & who stillest the
rage thereof; we thy
creatures, but mider-
able miserable sinners, do in
this our great dis-
tress distress cry unto thee
for help. Save, Lord,
or we perish!—110
Prayers to be used in
Storms at Sea.

꩜

Think of the lonely ones ‸begin insertion spandrifting about road at large Ⓜemendation in that in right margin: grand (tremendous) Ⓜemendation solitude &Ⓣtextual note ‸end insertion span dreaming
of home und & its idols under the
(wonderful) lustrous torch-like
stars of those far southern
skies! It was a beautiful night—
& those words in the tropics have a significance.

꩜

[MS: N05_leaf_038r]

5 o clock evening
before made land,
most magnificent
rainbow ever saw
& spanned the widest
space—Capt sung
out “Saved! Theres
the bow of promise
boys!”111 When such
a thing is seen at sea
it is
[MTP: N&J1_146] nearly always
accompanied by the
signs of coming squalls
& tempests, but in this
instance the sky was
marvellously clear
& entirely free from
such signs.

꩜

Sunday July 29—lat. 38.43
long. 154.55—Distance 80 miles

[MS: N05_leaf_038v]

Eloquence

“You Zeke, you let
that woodchuck go!”
—Webster.112

They dreamed of all sweet music

Imagine these poor
fellows awakened creating in imagination at
dead of night from
their restless half- slum-
ber slumber by the softened distant
music of Home Swt Home!

꩜

Eloquence

“Forever float that standard sheet
Where breathes the foe but falls before us
With freedom's soil beneath our feet
And freedom's banner streaming o'er us!”113

There are factitious aids—
surroundings & circum-
stances circumstances which often make
a passage thrillingly eloquent
which inherentlyⓂemendation possesses
no such attribute—for in-
stance instance , how Gen. Grant's
simple response to Buck-
[MS: N05_leaf_039r] ner who had p asked upon
what terms he would stip-
ulate stipulate or agree for the sur-
render surrender of Fort Donaldson
used to rouse the
[MTP: N&J1_147] multi-
tude multitude in the fierce days
of the rebellion. “ Un-
conditional Unconditional surrender! I propose to move at
once upon your works!”114

“I demand the sur-
render surrender of this fortress in
the name of the Great
Jehovah & the Continental
Congress!”115

Stately Eloquence

Washington Farewell
Address.

Webster Reply to Hayne

Logan's Speech.116

Patrick Henry.

[MS: N05_leaf_039v]

As solemn as the
booming of a distant
gun on a midnight
sea.

Why was it

Conversation
between the car-
penters carpenters of Noah's
Ark, laughing
at him for an
old visionary
—his money as
good as any-
body’s anybody's though
going to bust
himself on this
crazy enterprise

[MS: N05_leaf_040r]

Phenix—Why it ain't
anything but a wheel-
barrow wheelbarrow Ⓜemendation your honor

Oudinot's bee &
dog & lightning story
—lightning came in
at front door as
he was just going
out & drove him clear
through & out at the
back door.117

Wthr Cck

Bill of Fare—

Weather Cock

[MTP: N&J1_148]

Pie—Sea-currents.

[MS: N05_leaf_040v]

Gold fish $5 per 100.

Look at that Hornet
boy, Brown—folks all
wealthy, but he ro-
mantic romantic , must go to
sea & live this glorious
Life on the Ocean Wave
before the mast—cuffed
around by mate & his
fingers frozen— sup-
posed supposed to be a “Captain's
pet” & derisively called
“young gentleman sailor”
by the men—always sad &
sick at heart—always
suffering—then 43 days in
the boat—now sent home
by the Consul, must work
his way with a negro steward in menial of-
fices offices , waiting on table &
emptying the vomiting vessels
of the passengers.

Romantic to see fine ship go to sea—sailor goes round the world but never into it, & is simple & ignorant as a child & knows nothing about it—is as green at 50 as a farmer's boy Ⓣ

Eyes stuck out like couple
poached eggs—

[MS: N05_leaf_041r]

If you want your soul
gangrened with derision
read a Utopian sea novel
on board a ship.

While most men have
a manner of speaking pe-
culiar peculiar to themselves, no ar-
bitrary arbitrary system of punctu-
ation punctuation can apply. Every
man should know best
how to punctuate his
own MS.

Stick with only
one end to it.

Mem—Head a letter
with music.

sol-do, do, do-do,-sol-sol la so do re mi do re mi fa sol.

mi fa-fa-fa re mi, mi-mi- do re mi-

[MS: N05_leaf_041v]

Monday July 30—

This is the fifth day of
dead, almost motionless
calm—a man can
walk a crack in the
deck, the ship lies so
still. I enjoy it, and
I believe
[MTP: N&J1_149] all hands do
except the d—d baby.
I write 2 hours a
day & s loaf the balance.
At this rate it will
take me a good while
to finish Ferguson's
log.118

The yards are &
have been braced up
sharp & the ship close
hauled on the wind
—sailing within 6
six points of it they say,
what theirreⓉtextual note is of it, till
all through the calm,
till last night they let
[MS: N05_leaf_042r] up on her a point &
put her on an easy
bowline. Even going
a point or two free is no gait for her,
as it is for the Comet—she
her best lick is dead be-
fore before the wind—Heaven
only knows when she
ever find such a wind
in this latitude & she
heading straight east
for San Francisco
& on the 38th parallel &
1,400 miles at sea—

—Lat. 38.40; long
154.03—Distance 51.

The Larboard
　　 Ahoy!Ⓣtextual note 119

[MS: N05_leaf_042v]

THE KINGⓉtextual note—

It riles me to hear
an American (that
[---]cking Harris) stand up
& pay titular adulation to this
heathen blackamoor—
to this
[MTP: N&J1_150] man who remem-
bers remembers to this day, & grieves
over a trifling unin-
tentional unintentional offense of-
fered offered in the US. years
ago to his private indi-
viduality individuality —not to his official
great rank—& who hates A-
merica America & Americans
for it yet—but who is
so guiltless of genuine,
true, manly & kingly
pride as to forget that
his fathers, his whole peo-
ple people & his whole country
have on the noted occa-
sions occasions to wh I have referred, not far in the
past, been humilia-
ted humiliated , insulted, wronged,
[MS: N05_leaf_043r] abused—yea, at least
figuratively speaking,
spit upon & trampled
under foot—by the
two great nations (not
insignificant, unoffi-
cial unofficial & irresponsible nobodies in a
steamboat),—by two
nations, England and
France—but, yet and who to-day,
purchased by the gim-
crack gimcrack Ⓜemendation & tinsel adula-
tion adulation those peoples have
since conferred upon
his house, he with a
spirit proper to a soul that is capable of re-
membering remembering a trivial
woulndⓉtextual note inflicted upon
its poor personal van-
ity vanity & of forgetting a great
national affront, licks
the hands of the foreign
princes who kicked &
cuffed Hawaii-nei through
[MS: N05_leaf_043v] her representatives his fathers.

The King gets his
cherished compliments
cheap but loved and cherished com-
pliments compliments from the
English Court & his revenues
from the Americans—
his gew-gaws & cheap
adulation from the
one & whatever of real
worth & greatness his
country possesses is possessed
of from the other—&
with characteristic con-
sistency consistency he worships the
men who have degraded
his country & hates the
strong & steadfast American hands
that have lifted it her up.

Dam!Ⓣtextual note

Royalty!—I don't think
much of Hawaiian Royalty!
Years ago, when the late King
& the present King were only
princes—youths—they trav-
[MS: N05_leaf_044r] eled in the U.S. with the pre-
mier premier of the kingdom, Dr.
Judd, an American. On
one occasion, on board a
Southern steamer, they did
not go in to dinner as soon
as the bell rang, & then there
was no room for them.—
They f were offended. The
Capt however, as soon as
he knew their national
character, had a table
set in a private room
for himself & the 3, &
entertained them in a
manner befitting their
high rank. That is Dr
Js story & no doubt the
true one.120
[MTP: N&J1_151] Other accounts
say they went in to dinner,
but observing their black
faces, & uninformed of
their rank, the steward
enforced the rule of the
boat excluding colored
[MS: N05_leaf_044v] persons from the
cabin table. They
were naturally in-
censed incensed , & all that could
afterwards be done failed
to wipe fr out from
their minds the memory
of the affront. Yet after
all, it was one which was
offered to them as un-
known unknown & merely private
individuals, & being en-
tirely entirely unofficial, could
not affect them as princes
or their country through
them, & should have been
so received & so valued.
The men only were in-
sulted insulted —not the princes121
—& thus their country was
no more insulted than
if the affront had been
offered to the commonest
Kanaka in the realm.
This King has never for-
gotten forgotten or forgiven that
[MS: N05_leaf_045r] trifling stab at his little
vanity.

But Great Britain,
officially, through Sir
Geo. Paulet, siezed the
islands; in 43 abused, humil-
iated humiliated & insulted their
King, K.3. in a bullying
& overbearing manner
threatened the destruction
of the helpless little help-
less helpless capital town when
it utterly at his the mercy
of his heavy guns; and
finally forced the ac-
ceptance acceptance of terms of so
degrading a nature that
in the hearts of a spirited
people
[MTP: N&J1_152] the memory of them
would rankle till the
end of time.122 K 5 has
been carressed & flattered
by British men-o-wars-
men men-o-wars-men Ⓜemendation, & so he has forgiven
that deadly insult & fawns
upon the nation that gave it.
[MS: N05_leaf_045v] So also with his dear
friends the French, who
treated his ancestor K
3 like dog—who, through
Admiral —— marched
gallantly upon this tho-
roughly thoroughly harmless & en-
tirely entirely ornamental fort,
&, unresisted, demolished
it & spiked its guns—
& then made the poor
King sign an agree-
ment agreement the nature of
which may be best be
expressed by saying
that through it, mea-
phorically metaphorically , the French
nation spit in the face
of Hawaii-nei.123 But
dusky Queen Emma
has been flattered and
feted at the French
Court,124 & lo! K 5 is mol-
lified mollified & the atrocious acts of Admi-
ral Admiral —— are forgotten!

This is Hawaiian Royalty!

[MS: N05_leaf_046r]

First animal created
Chaos (shay-horse)—for
Burlingame.125

Missionary girl aged 17 on
voyage to US: “Nov. 28, 1840—
I am ashamed of myself
many times a day for giving
way to so much laughter,
but there are so many witty
remarks made that it is
almost impossible for one
unaccustomed to hear
them, to refrain from it.
I have heard more jokes, hy-
perbolical hyperbolical expressions &
comical remarks in one day,
since being on board, than I
did during the 17 years of
[MTP: N&J1_153] my
residence on the Sandwich
Is. It is well for us to hear
such things now, as we
are going to a land where
sumch expressions are
used d more than at the S I”

[MS: N05_leaf_046v]

(They made me feel like
John Phenix in Boston
when I perpetrated the di-
abolism diabolism of a joke in
presence of mish families.)
These mish come from
Boston; quote J. P. he there.

Note the dire effect of
a joke on a mish child:

“The children cannot
bear a jokes , but take every-
thing everything that is said to be truth,
& often they are so aff dis-
tressed distressed by them these things
—not being able to under-
stand understand them—that that they shed tears.”

⟦The mish's are outraged
by the levity of my letters, &
have so expressed them-
selves themselves —but in sorrow,
not in anger.⟧

[MS: N05_leaf_047r]

Aug. 1.—Lat. 38.50 N.
Long 150.56 W.—Distance
100 miles.

Of Sounding in fair
weather.126

Close-hauled—Brail up
the mizzen & mizzen-staysail,
let go the main-sheet, so as the
sail will shiver, put the helm
a-lee & brace the mizzen top-
sail topsail Ⓜemendation square, so it'll back,
you know. You keep the
head-sails & the jib & stay-
sails staysails Ⓜemendation just as they were be-
fore before , you understand,
& haul taut & belay the lay
lee-braces. When she's
nearly lost her headway
but is still coming to the
wind, you heave the lead
& you heave it quick, too
—cussed quick, as you
may say.

Would you mind say-
[MS: N05_leaf_047v] ing that over again if it
ain't too much trouble.

(Repeat.)

Well, yes, I shd say so.

Going large—(Another
method, wh is preferable.)

Brace the headsails
square, haul down the jib
& staysails, without stir-
ring stirring the aftersails, & put
the helm a-lee

Oh, yes, that is much
preferable, I shd think.

Mem—Write some
more biographies of
great men & women.

[MS: N05_leaf_048r]

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[MS: N05_leaf_048v]
[MTP: N&J1_154]

Whitney about the
cats.127

No—I'll tell you
what's the matter with
you—you have no
conception of a joke
—of anything but aw-
ful awful Puritan long-
facedness long-facedness & petrified
facts. You have got
this spirit on you.

⟦Here quote about jokes from Missionary's daughter.⟧Ⓣtextual note

[MS: N05_leaf_049r]

page canceled with wavy line

Missionaries have made
honest men out of nation
of thieves:

Instituted marriage;

Created homes;

Lifted woman to same rights
& privileges enjoyed elsewhere.

Abolished infanticide.

　“　 intemperance

Diminished licentiousness
(the hula, where copulation in public)

Given equal laws.

　“　 common Natives homesteads

　“　 whereby chief's power of
life & death over his subject
is taken away.

In a great measure
abolished idolatry and ( un-
til until this King & his Bishop Church)
destroyed power of Kahunas
(now however, King licenses
them).

Have well educated the
people.

[MS: N05_leaf_049v]

Brown attempts
to entertain company
(in accordance with
advice received from me,)
& is now & accompanied by
gaping & stretching of the
company tells intermi-
nable interminable story—something like
Dan's old ram,)—& when a-
bused abused for by me says it is
just my style, & instances
gaping over my
trip across plains in
overland stage—says that
when I got to Jules Julesburg
Mrs. C. left, to Fort Lara-
mie Laramie , Mrs. W. left; to Wind
River Mountains & that
remarkable circumstance
of the Indians shooting
Pony Express rider, Mr.
G. left—Salt Lake City
Mr. B left— Sacra-
mento Sacramento Mrs.Ⓣtextual note Ⓜemendation L. left—

[MS: N05_leaf_050r]

Changed subject then,
didn't I?

[MTP: N&J1_155]

Yes?

All gone but Miss M,
warn't they?

Yes.—but she had stretched
till her dress was too short for
her & gaped till her mouth was
enlarged—till you couldn't
have gagged her with anything
smaller than a keg of nails. Ⓣtextual note

But She was there yet, war sn'tⓉtextual note
she?

Yes.

Very well, then—wasn't
I smart?

Well, I' s'pose you think
you was, anyway. It is
curious, though, that generally
there anybody body left
when you get through.

And that time you was
riding alone in Washoe

[MS: N05_leaf_050v]

—in the Humboldt Moun.
& met the whole tribe of
ShonshoneⓉtextual note Indians & was
just on the point of destroy-
ing destroying them when something
told whispered to you that
they were not prepared
to go to Paradise & you
spared them. And I no-
ticed noticed that you didn't say any-
thing anything about your being
prepared to go to California,
then, but you went—& you
went mighty quick, too.

I see, now, stronger than
ever before, the absurdity of
our still retaining the crude,
uncouth, inefficient, distressing
orthography invented for us by
our ancestors in a rude, ig-
norant ignorant , uncultivated age of
the world. We have discarded
their coarseness & obscenity of
conversation; their groping
& groveling superstitions; their
[MS: N05_leaf_051r] slow methods of locomotion
& transmission of intelligence
—why should we retain their
vile ugly & aggravating orthog-
raphy orthography ?

I can't spell bow—
some one will surely think I
mean bow bo—can't spell
bah—think I mean bah.128

Bad Jokes—Wonder there
is any cylindrical shape
left to the yards, they have
been “ squared so often
this voyage.

Mr Rising said this
chicken was prob might
have been with Cook 100
years ago—he didn't know,
Henry Ferguson said “Been
with him to-day, anyhow.”

[MS: N05_leaf_051v]

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[MS: N05_leaf_052r]

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[MS: N05_leaf_052v]
[MTP: N&J1_156]

Capt's dream 4th day of
escaping alone to S F. & tell-
ing telling friend of disaster—teeth
falling out meantime—said
“Look there!”—most magnif
icent magnificent gold eagle against sky—
presently it turned over & over
& rolled into sky out of sight
—Capt said “Must look out
for the boat.” The dream wor-
ried worried him for a week.129

꩜

At Laupahoehoe could
not sleep—surf on shore sounded
as if he were covered wh canvas
& still in boat. Every time Fer-
guson Ferguson coughed130 thought he
said “Capt—Capt”—& got
up & went to see.

Was always no more
than dozing—always con-
scious conscious in boat.

[MS: N05_leaf_053r]

“This my son that was
dead is alive again.”131

꩜

Be virtuous be happy
don't apply to S I.

S I women much
superior in manners
—don't kiss & embrace wo-
men women they hate. (Turn back.)

Speak of the other boats.132

Two women 5 babies—
noisy—women silent—
would enjoy funeral.

We have beautiful sun-
sets sunsets & splendid moonlight

Speak of the stone
lions.

No sharks till in boat
after ship burnt—then plenty.
One grampus, bigger than boat.

꩜

[MS: N05_leaf_053v]

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[MS: N05_leaf_054r]

Capt. says—

Sailor-like (great stupid
children), hadn't been ashore
till were growling about the
grub, & not 3 till they were
smuggling great slabs of
pork through natives, to
add to their rations of tea
& ½ biscuit. One man
nearly killed himself first
day eating fruit—came
near dying that night.
Cox sat beside Capt on
shore & was eating co-
coanut cocoanut —Capt. confis-
cated confiscated & threw it away—
Cox thought hard treat-
ment treatment of a poor
devil who been starving
43 days.

[MS: N05_leaf_054v]

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[MS: N05_leaf_055r]

Sparkling & Bright. 133

Floating away like a fountain's spray

Or the snowwhiteⓂ plume of a maiden

The Smoke-wreaths rise to the starlit skies

With blissful fragrance laden.

Then smoke away till golden ray

Lights oe'r the dawn of the morrow

For a cheerful cigar like shield will bar

The heart from care & sorrow.

The darkeyed train of maids of Spain

Thro their orange groves trip lightly

And the bright cigar like gleaming star

And the l clasp of their lips burnt brightly.

It warms the soul like a the blushing bowl

With its spicy fragrance laden

And it lends a bliss like first warm kiss

On the glowing kiss of a maiden

White man he live berry longer

But the black man he smell live stronger

White man he smell berry stronger

But black man stronger

Little more cider too Ⓣtextual note

[MTP: N&J1_158]
[MS: N05_leaf_055v]

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[MS: N05_leaf_056r]

Man in Lynn can't get
full wages unless he can work
himself out of the shop every
day by throwing shoes behind
him.134

Aug. 3—The calm contin-
ues continues . Magnificent weather.
Men all turned boys. Play
boyish games on the poop
& quarter-deck. Lay small
object on fife-rail of main-
mast mainmast Ⓜemendation—shut one eye, walk
3 steps & strike at it with
fore-finger. Lay small
object on deck, walk 7
steps blindfold & try to find
it. Kneel—elbows against
knees, hands extended in
front along deck; place ob-
ject object against ends of fingers
—then clasp hands behind
back & try to pick it up with
teeth & rise up from knees.
Tie string around main-
[MS: N05_leaf_056v] brace, turn back to it—
blindfold—walk 3 steps
—turn round 3 times—
return & put finger on
string. Tying all kinds sailor
knots. flourish Go aloft. Ⓣtextual note 135

This Brown told the girl
her sweetheart had a glass
eye & told the sw latter that the
former had a glass eye.Ⓣtextual note

[MS: N05_leaf_057r]

Lie. Ⓣtextual note

In gale, man sent up to saw
off In topmast—blew all teeth out of
saw. What yr lat & longitude?
I was in same storm, 3 degrees
to eastward—teeth blew aboard of
my ship.

Uncle Bicknell136 came every
day for 3 months (clouds always
over head,) to old sea-dog Capt.
Tolbert,137 to ask if we are going to
have any more rain—always
same reply—“No rain to-day, Uncle
Bicknell.” At last, “yes, rain
to-day, Uncle B.” Fervently,

[MTP: N&J1_159] “Well, I'm glad—I'm truly
glad, by God, that we've got
your consent!”

155 books on Hawaii—86
scientific papers—27 news
papers newspapers & periodicals, native
& English—most of them
dead. Few of these books
readable.

[MS: N05_leaf_057v]

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[MS: N05_leaf_058r]

There is this in favor of
missionaries in all the South Sea
Islands—they have saved many
a white man's life, sometimes
at risk of their own, & when
only a mish could have had
any influence with the
abused & exasperated natives
—(whites always the aggressors.)

“Can be better imagined than
described”— d—n the man
who invented it. Often,
with 100 island books before
me, I have thought, “now
this piece of scenery is
described in one s theseⓉtextual note, & I
can steal & rehash—turn
& find them shirking, with
that hackneyed expression.Ⓣtextual note
or “What hath God wrought!”

Auwē! auwē, plain-
tive plaintive expression of dis-
tress distress .

[MS: N05_leaf_058v]

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[MS: N05_leaf_059r]

Poor little lion back in
the corner won't get any
Dan l iel.Ⓣtextual note

Sailors walk with hands
somewhat spread & palms
turned backward.

Horses & Waimians don't
drink.138

Joe Goodman & the mouse
in coffee.

Cat & painkiller.Ⓣtextual note Ⓜemendation

Sunday, Aug 5, 1866.

Everybody cheerful—
at daylight saw the Comet
in the distance on our lee
—it is pleasant in this
tremendous solitude
to have company.139

[MS: N05_leaf_059v]

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[MS: N05_leaf_060r]
[MTP: N&J1_160]

Superstition. Ⓣtextual note

Whence come the wise saws of
the children?

Wash face in rain water
standing on fresh cow dungⓂemendation to
remove freckles.

Wash hands in rain water
standing in old rotten hollow
stump to remove f warts.

Stick pin in wart, get blood,
then stick in another boy will
transfer your warts to him.

Split a bean, bind it on wart &
wait till midnight & bury at
X roads in dark of the moon.

Niggers tie wool up with
threatdⓉtextual note, to keep witches from
riding them.

Onery orey ickery Ann—
Phillisy &c

Eggs cheese, butter, bread, &c.
These were regarded as infalli-
bly infallibly impartial—as being reg-
ulated regulated by destiny—fate if
you please.

[MS: N05_leaf_060v]

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[MS: N05_leaf_061r]

If those hymns were accepted
at the Throne of Grace, (& we
hope they were,) it was only because
of the honest good intent with which
they were sung, & not from any
excellence there was in their execu-
tion execution . It They was ere Ⓣtextual note the worst singers
that ever assembled on a ship's
quarter deck.140

The End. 141

But they were sustained
& p & preserved through hunger & thirst
& storm the dangers of the sea by that Power him which o Ⓣtextual note
miraculously fed the five
thousand, & which said unto
the winds & the waves “Be
still!” & they obeyed him.

꩜

To these poor forlorn & famished
fellows, the green heights of Hawaii
was were like unto the Ⓣtextual note shadow of a
great rock in a weary land.”

꩜

[MTP: N&J1_161]

Not even if it stung like
a slight & was as bitter & lasted like the
memory of a humiliation

[MS: N05_leaf_061v]

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[MS: N05_leaf_062r]

After you have rudely (but
heedlessly & unmaliciously) inter-
rupted interrupted a narrative by break-
ing breaking in with a remark (or hand-
ing handing a plate at dinner) ad-
dressed addressed to the person to whom
you are speaking, apologize,
but don't insist on the
story being finished—let
the matter drop & the sub-
ject subject be changed—the head
is gone from the story &
it only insults & further ag-
gravates aggravates the injured party
to beg him to resume.

I reminded the Hornet sailor
of the miraculous feeding
of the 5,000, but with amazing gravity he crushed me
with the argument that “there warn't
none of them Portygheese there.142

I have no opinion of sailors
as a class, but these were
crazy.

78 ꩜

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[MS: N05_leaf_063r]

Want to ship do you? Where
have you sailed?

“Daown east. Went daown
in a tar-sloop—went back in a
kivered wagon.”

Sailor ordered to steer on a
star—got on another—said he had
passed that star & got up to
another.

Monday, Aug 6.

Sunday Aug 5.
Lat. 39.54—long. 142.13
—Distance 80 miles.

I went with the parson ( min-
ister minister to see this poor miner
die. I bel How do you feel
—I believe I'm going to
peg out. (Put in genuine
pathos.143

[MTP: N&J1_162]
[MS: N05_leaf_063v]

Harris coming in
his old dug-out. —Br.

The Presentationer's Ready Speaker.Ⓣtextual note 144

[MS: N05_leaf_064r]

Boy dipped the worm in the
hot tea,—said “By G— you
won't tickle me any more,
I don't reckon.”

Oudinot—Chimney
got choked with smoke
so thick had to dig
it out.145

Wednesday, Aug. 8—800 miles
east west of San Francisco—the calm
is over & we have got a strong
breeze. This sort of Life on the
Ocean Wave will do—the ship is
flying like a bird—she tears
the sea into seething foam—&
yet the ocean is quiet & sunny
—so steady is the ship that I
could walk a crack.

Only one dish meaner than stewed
chicken, & that is grasshopper
pie.

[MS: N05_leaf_064v]

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[MS: N05_leaf_065r]

In my journal I find:146

“The calm is no more. There
are 3 vessels in sight. It is so
cheering sociable to have them hovering
about us in this limitless world
of waters. It is sunny and
pleasant, but blowing hard. Ev-
ery Every rag about the ship is spread
to the breeze & she sp is speed-
ing speeding over the sea like a bird.
There is a large brig right a-
stern astern Ⓜemendation of us with all her canvas
set & chasing us at her very
best. She came up fast
while the winds were light,
but now it is hard to tell
whether
[MTP: N&J1_163] she gains or not. We
can see the people on her fore-
castle forecastle Ⓜemendation with the glass. The
race is very exciting.

Further along:

She is to the setting sun—looks sharply cut & black as coal against a background of fire & floating on a sea of blood. Ⓣtextual note

Aug 13Ⓜemendation—San Francisco—
Home again. No—not home
again—in prison again—
and all the wild sense of freedom
[MS: N05_leaf_065v] gone. The city seems so
cramped, & so dreary with
toil & care & business anx-
iety anxiety . God help me, I wish I were at
sea again!147

D—n it—when
you go to sea, take
some cans of con-
densed condensed milk with you.

Latitude & Longitudes.

		Lat.	Long.	Distance
Monday,	Aug 6	40.24	139.55	55
Tues	7	40.44	140.04	51
Wednes	8.	40.24	137.55	110
Thurs	9.	39.45	133.38	195

(510 miles to San Francisco.)

Friday	10th	39.23	130.58	122
Sat	11	39.00.	128.42	105
Sun	12	38.34.	126.33Ⓜemendation	98
Mon	13		123	Farralones at 11 AM

July 19 to Aug 13

25 days out.Ⓣtextual note

[MS: N05_leaf_066r]

O islands there are on the face deep

Where leaves never fade & skies weep.148

[MTP: N&J1_164]

Man took plaster for wife's
abdomen—druggist said formed
of 2 Greek words, meaning
stop both outlets to body—m
must be cut in two—asked
in morning for result—“Ab
well enough, but domen
blowed plaster all to hell

Girl used sausage & threw
it out of window—beggar
picked it up—said must
be rich folks here, put
butter on sausage.

Dogs so no account

Nothing about them good but tails—

Cut off dog's tail & throw
the balance of the dog away. —BrownⓉtextual note

Legend from Mailé
Wreath. 149

[MS: N05_leaf_066v]

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They need Bishop Staley's
Missionary labors more
in England than they do in
H.I—n See London Labor
& London Poor.150 We
dont can spare Mish's.

K III was uncle to IV & V
—all papers were ready
(in 1854) to cede the islands
to a man fully empowered
to represent the U.S. for
$5,000,000—the King had
signed & the chiefs were wil-
ling willing to sign, but the Prince
Alex (K IV) was bitterly
opposed—took the doc-
ument document & road away
—persuaded the chiefs
not to sign—& the King
was poisoned—didn't
die in a drunken fit
—he was a genuine & a
good old Kanaka.151

[MTP: N&J1_165]

Old Wyllie & the English triumphed.152

[MS: N05_leaf_067v]

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[MS: N05_leaf_068r]

Like sweetheart of mine
whose breath was so sweet
it decayed her teeth.

The most tasteless
chickens in the world
are raised on the island
of Hawaii—they stew them

A voyaging Kanaka
woman's trunk is a
thunder-mug.

I never was cor cheer-
fully cheerfully & cordially received
but at 3 or 4 places on
the islands—I think they
must have heard of me
before—& yet in nearly
every case I was treated
so with such kind & con-
siderate considerate politeness that
I seldom had cause to feel
uncomfortable.

Most Americans who have
[MS: N05_leaf_068v]

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Had a hand like the
hand of Providence
& a foot that was
more than a match
for it.

[MS: N05_leaf_069r] lived any considerable
time there all seem to
have lost their whatever
of impulsiveness, frank
openness & warmth of feel-
ing feeling they may have possessed
before, & become calculating,
suspicious, reserved, cold,
cold & distant. Don't believe wd welcome anybody. Ⓣ They have
cased themselves in a shell, &
if by chance they are betrayed
into coming out of it f for
& displaying some degree
of their old-time vivacity
& naturalness, they for an hour,
they withdraw into it again
as soon as they cool down.
There is very little not little
sociability & genuine friendship
existing among the families
of foreigners living in the
islands, though there is some
show of it, by way of keeping
up appearances. One wd
expect the opposite from a
class shut out as they are
[MS: N05_leaf_069v]

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Wyllie Private
Secy to Recording
Angel.155

Pearls
at Ewa Ⓣtextual note

[MS: N05_leaf_070r] from the rest of the world. Bu They live within themselves—within their shells—and are not—if I may be allowed to suggest it—not happy.

I thought differently at first. I thought they were the happiest
[MTP: N&J1_166] people I had ever seen. They do look serene & contented, but they are not. Their hearts are not dead, but far away—at home. women 153 They think often of home, & this absence of man's essence—his feelings, his affections, his interests—has much to do with their seeming t[-]o so indifferent & reserved no doubt.

PerlsⓉtextual note 154

[MS: N05_leaf_070v]

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[MS: N05_leaf_071r]

K-I was promised
man of war & parson
by Vancouver—wrote
& reminded British King
about ship but not parson156

Said to preacher at
Lahaina—“Faith pre-
serve preserve you?—Then jump
from yon precipice
(6,000 ft) & I'll believe157

Poem by K.IV

Like Honolulu
town-clock

in ink

Brown call the Mis-
sionaries Missionaries the Serious
Family.Ⓣtextual note 158

[MTP: N&J1_167]
[MS: N05_leaf_071v]

Scene 1159

Trovatore—25 live
shrouds, in feathered caps
& with sheets around
them. —Howl louder
than ever when dinner bells
rings, & bust through
green castle which
waves & quake after
them. Never saw hungry crowd
in such hurry.

2—Shoved castlee
aside & exposed a sil-
very silvery blue moonligh landscape, with a
railing in front & 2
steps—Woman came
through gate when she
could have jumped over
the fence easier—

Another woman
came from behind some
trees that were so matted
together that they looked
solid.

Without any appa-
[MS: N05_leaf_072r] rent reason for it, these
2 d—d fools fell to
singing.

Principal one sang
a long song then strad-
leed straddleed around while the
applauded & then came
back & sang it over
again.

3—Fence alone
for 3 minutes & im-
pressive impressive music—

Then a queer look-
ing looking bilk with a gorgeous
doublet, plumed smoking
cap & white opera cloak
hanging to heels come
solemnly forward
from somewhere till he
got to the centre &
then began to yell.

But a fellow in
the kitchen with a pi-
ano piano crowded him
down—

[MS: N05_leaf_072v]

Then the chief woman
came back & grabbed
the fellow round the
neck—Same moment
knight in complet ar-
mor armor & with sheet round
him rushes in & just
saves self from going
into orchestra— sensa-
tion sensation —hell to pay, in
fact.

Knight takes the wo-
man woman & the other fellow
comes forward & just
wakes up everything.

They n Ⓣtextual note they take up
his own tune & beat
him at it.

[MTP: N&J1_168]

This riles him & he
draws his sword

Free fight—woman
[MS: N05_leaf_073r] trying to stop it—false
alarm—after singing
& flourishing swords
they rush off & the
woman falls carefully
down on the steps blow-
ing blowing the dust away from
the spot where his er Ⓣtextual note el-
bow elbow is going to touch
first.

2d Act.

Excellent edingly Ⓣtextual note gay party
of blacksmiths started
in to improve a very
good sort of a poker
& didn't succeed—sung
to much & didn't work.

That same knight
came into the blacksmith
shop with another woman
—(you let him alone
for always find being
around when there is a
[MS: N05_leaf_073v] woman to tag after

The women sang a
good while, & then the d—d
blacksmiths blasted
away & tried to beat her.
Then made a fizzle of
it & knew enough to
curl their tails & leave
Thus the knight & the
woman were left in
sole possession of the
blacksmith shop, but
without anything to
eat. This As usual,
with the cheerful spirit
this party have mani-
fested manifested from the first
as soon as they found
there was nothing to eat
then fell to singing.

And as usual,
they hadn't sung five
minutes till there
was a misunderstandg

The woman carries
[MS: N05_leaf_074r] on dreadfully & the man
stands & leans forward
holding his blanket
out out with outspread
hands & looking as if
he would help, if he
could only think of
something that would
to do.

Finally she lets
down on a bass viol
box covered with bear
skins, & he comes to
his milk. They stand
up & come to a musi-
cal musical explanation

This knight looks so
stuffed & fat in his silver
scale armor that he looked
like some sort of a fish,

They have a long
explanan & rush off
in high glee about some-
thing something .

[MTP: N&J1_169]
[MS: N05_leaf_074v]

2—The boss of the
corpses & that plumed
fellow came out in the
dark before that a
castle-gate to sing—
to serenade, likely.
But they made so
Then the to practice,
likely—the d—d fools
—& the blacksmith
shop s must be close
by somewhere.

The Capt of soon
froze out & left, but
the other fellow blasted
away by himself.

At 2 oclock by
the bell the Capt came
back—& of course
those hungry ghosts piled in
too, the moment they
heard that dinner
bell. But that plumed
fellow fooled them for he
kept singing there till they
were about starved out—
[MS: N05_leaf_075r] & then they left.

Serenading party
heard in the woods—
stage vacant—music
beautiful—church
music & a fine choir
—it brought back the
feathered chap & the
ghosts & the Capt.—&
d—n them they went
to blatting & interrupted
the choir—choked
it off & then left.

Five minutes of sol-
emn solemn horn tooting in the
orchestra—& then out
comes a party of white
dressed young women
out of the wood (2½ AM)
—one with a great black
cross clasped to her
breast—& she stood
out & begun to sing.

In comes those fel-
lows fellows & the ghosts &
[MS: N05_leaf_075v] & surprises & scares
them—but the bold
knight rushes in
—of course—being so many women—
from where the fence
corner used to be, &
grabbed the X woman
& she was all right,

Then they stand off
in two parties & sing.
◊ I thoughtⓂemendation the knight
was in for it once—
he didn't know any
more than to insult
the wohole crowd &
he unarmed & 20
defenceless women
to take care of—
had ◊ him in the door.
Drew sword but didn't
kill him.

Arrval of 2 dozen
ratty looking soldiers
with brass helmets,
coats with trunk tacks
driven into them & broom-
stick broomstick Ⓜemendation lances—directly
[MS: N05_leaf_076r] the knight grabbed the
wom X, drew his sword
& tried to shove—the
corpses tried to pre-
vent prevent him, but the
Soldiers took his part
& so they struck a
blow apiece & then
brought their kept
up a desultory sort
of hacking here &
there till the curtain
fell—he holding
his sword in a
warding position &
clasping fainting X.

Act. 3

Very handsome silk
tent with splendid gold
embroidered banner

[MTP: N&J1_170] hanging at the door—row
of other tents in distance
—all those ghosts in a
row armed with swords
& singing—for hash,
of course—I've got
[MS: N05_leaf_076v] them spotted—they are
expecting to hear
that bell every moment.

They leave & the fea-
thered feathered chap comes out of
the tent & goes to swell-
ing swelling around & singing
—which disturbs the
Capt of the Ghosts &
he comes out of the
tent to remonstrate

Then the ghosts fetch
in the fat woman man-
acled manacled .—& yowlingⓂemendation as usual
—the great overgrown
scrubs, to impose on a
woman. Sentinels
—trunk-button fellows
—pacing before the tents

Sing awhile & the woman
tries to break away—
d—d fool—they've got
her in the door. Then don't
she throw herself! They
[MS: N05_leaf_077r] argue the ch case with her
but no use—she'll be
d—d if she will be
satisfied, & keeps try-
ing trying to get away—so
they took her away
—she'sⓂemendation evidently
breeding trouble for
herself the way she
is acting.

TScene—2—That
knight—with that X
woman come into a
mighty common looking
country hotel & go to
making love. She
is dressed in white
satin trimmed with
silver lace & she has
got his bulliest opera
cloak on over his
armor. He sends
her off the stage.

He has lost his
hat somewhere &
[MS: N05_leaf_077v] he comes down to the
footlight & sings about
it in a way that shows
he considered put set con-
siderable considerable store by it.

He went off finally
to hunt for his hat,
& in the meantime the
curtain came down.

I went down to
offer him mine, but
they wouldn't let me
behind.

Act 4—

That old original green
castle—night.

Enter a conspirator
with red rosettes on his
slippers & a black table-
cloth table-cloth Ⓜemendation on—with a woman
in black—(he leaves) she falls to
serenading, all by her-
self herself —

(Letter KanakaⓉtextual note

[MS: N05_leaf_078r]

Opposition serenade
in the woods—all men's
voices—very solemn state-
ly stately & impressive—she had
the good taste to dry up
her screech while they sang,
because it stood to reason
that she couldn't hold keep
up her end with them—

Then a fellow in the
woods went alone on a
csong about Leonore, &
she started in to beat him,
thinking she had caught
him
[MTP: N&J1_171] alone & had an
easy thing, but the
others broke in at
once & helped him
out. Grand—that
chorus—inexprribly
grand—she woulndⓉtextual note up
the whole thing herself, tho'
[MS: N05_leaf_078v] with a final screech
—woman like, sh
would have the last
word. And then
she took up her sere-
nade serenade & b blatted away
till sh had had her
sing out, & left.

Then the feathered
chap came out of a
neighboring house &
with a soldier—sent
him somewhere &
went to sloshing around
& singing till he came
back.

His first blast
fetched that same wo-
man woman back—for
she hadn't got far
—& they two sang
—she appeared to be
[MS: N05_leaf_079r] wanting to make
up with him—but
he appeared to be
telling her how cir-
cumstances circumstances over
which he had no
control rendered
it entirely out of his
power to accede.
She even knelt to him.

Finally she hap-
pened happened to sing something
he knew or it happened
to strike his fancy, &
he came right back &
made up with her—
it was a song he
knew, for he sailed
in & helped her sing it.

2—They shoved
the castle aside—&
showed the fat woman
[MS: N05_leaf_079v] sitting on that viol
box in a dungeon—
chained, & only one
poor oil lamp over
her head while there
were hundreds of gas
burners all over the
theatres—but hell—
people never help an
unfortunate—if she
was in luck & wanted
gas she could get it.
The knight was with
her.—Ⓣtextual notealways around
where there is a woman
—if that fat woman
were in hell you could
look for him there
shortly.

Then they sang beau-
tifully beautifully & feelingly to
pathetic accompaniment.

[MS: N05_leaf_080r]

Then she laid down
on the viol case & he
knelt—

Enter the X woman
& a soldier with a torch
& th slam threwⓉtextual note herself
into the knight's arms
He argues with her—
evidently don't like to
have her there—thinks
the fat woman won't
like it no doubt—
but it appears to be
all right—she is
asleep—but if they
keep up that d—d
yelling they are bound
to wake her presently.

She sings in her
sleep, poor devil—(the
fat one,) & they help
her out—beautiful.

[MS: N05_leaf_080v]

Down comes the
X woman to her knees
—but it ain't any
use—the knight
turns his back on
her—& so she sets
down on the floor
& spreads her hand
across her breast—
ostensibly to c feel her

[MTP: N&J1_172] heart, but really to
make up for the low-
ness lowness of her low-
neck low-neck Ⓜemendation dress—the
knight (of course)
comes & takes her
round the waist
& they sing.

Enter the feather
chap & soldiers (in
[MS: N05_leaf_081r] red striped breeches
& high boots)

And don't he &
she carry on, & she
trying to faint & fall
all the time & he holding
her—but at last she
does fall & he &
he & all the soldiers
leave—fat woman
falls—flames show
through cracks.

End.Ⓣtextual note

[MS: N05_leaf_081v]

A man nevr reaches
that dizzy height of wis-
dom wisdom when he can no
longer be led by the
nose.

If you he had as many
shirts as Ward they'd
ruin him in the long
run, anyhow.160

Fun to roll rocks
—or rather, fun to
see able-bodied Ka-
naka Kanaka do it at 50c a
day.

[MS: N05_leaf_082r]

Capt Barker's
San Jose mule
story—Ye come
into the world wid
disgraceful pa-
rentage parentage & ye're goan
out of it widout
hope of lavin anny
posterity behind
ye—an ye ain't
belonging in the works
of God nyther—God
made every baste
& bur ird Ⓣtextual note & crature
that's in the world
but yersiflfⓉtextual note—& ye're
the vile invintion of
man!”

But of the horses in
the world I prefer the
gentle undulating mo-
tion motion of the Commo-
dore’s Commodore's ass.

[MS: N05_leaf_082v]

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[MS: N05_leaf_083r]

Passenger volun-
teers volunteers account of jour-
ney journey to Big Trees &
Yo Semite —& then
Dan's old Ram.Ⓣtextual note

[MTP: N&J1_173]
[MS: N05_leaf_083v]

S Tuesday 4th, 7 P. M.

Dennis, you didn't come to
time—I was at the Hotel
at the minⓉtextual note 161

nine blank pages (no page images)

begin reverse sequence Ⓣtextual note

[MS: N05_leaf_090r]

These boys been mourned
as dead for nearly 4—at least 3
months—think of the thrill of the
first telegram to that home
circle—“Crew & passengers of
Hornet arrived safe!”162

Henry is more impressible
& imaginative than Sam, or
at least more demonstrative.

They covered from rain
with old pieces of sail.

Capt. knew for days this
murderous discontent was
brewing by the distraught &
air of some of the men
& the guilty look of others—
& he staid on guard—slept no
more—kept his hatchet hid
& close at hand—was not
surprised at Henry's page.163

Frequently simple &
touching language.Ⓣtextual note

Offered watch for a
ration.

[MS: N05_leaf_089v]

Notes on Henry Ferguson's
Log.—Ⓣtextual noteFrom day after the ship
burnt till the 12th, he puts
simply the (to him) eloquent
word “Doldrums.”

The storms during
first fortnight he calls
the awfulest rain squalls
& the most terrific thunder
& blinding lightning he
ever saw, closing & black
as ink in absence of light-
ning lightning —caused to steer
in all directions—rain
5 times as hard as in States

Saw waterspout on
17th—thinks might be pleasant
sight from a ship.

[MTP: N&J1_174]

Mentions the star mis-
taken mistaken for ship's light.

May 28—“Had out the pho-
tographs photographs again to-day & I could
not but feel that we should yet
see them all again.”

Distressed by another
[MS: N05_leaf_089r] swordfish cavorting a-
round around the boat for some
time—(immense one)
—May 29.

June 5—The conspiracy.

　 “ 　 6—Passed some
sea-weed & something looked
like trunk of old tree—but
no birds—begining to be
afraid islands not there.
“Today it was said to the
Capt & in the hearing of all
that some of the men wd
not shrink, when a man
was dead, from using the
flesh, though they would not
kill. Horrible! God
give us all full use of
our reason & spare us
from such things!

[MS: N05_leaf_088v]

At the stock grounds164—
attendance—not under
way yet.

List of Entries.

in right margin, in reference to the next two lines: Ped-
igree Pedigree

Thoroughbred stallions

　Do“ D“o. 　 Mares.

Mares & Colts other than Thorb

Sucking Colts.

Graded Horses

Saddle “ 　 “

Roadsters.

Do “ “ Do Mares

Draft Horses

Horses of all Work.

Jacks & Mules.

Jennets.

Durham Bulls.

Thorb cows

[MTP: N&J1_175]

Graded Cattle.

Fine Wool Sheep—Spanish Meriño

Graded Sheep.

Goats

Swine

The Races

Time.

Remarks—trainers—track

—Recapitulation

——

Both Races.

——

end reverse sequence

[MS: N05_leaf_090v]

see facsimile for illustration

N., NXE, NEXN NE,Ⓣtextual note N.E.XN, NE

Lawrence Giles & Co

11 south Wm st

New York

[MTP: N&J1_176]

Mrs Osterhaus

540 Mission

[MS: N05_leaf_091r]

Eugene Casserly165
out of by Gen. Taylor
out of Ellen Casserly
Hanford sired Gen. Taylor out of
Peggy Magee.

Latham by Hamble
tonian Hambletonian out of a Morgan
mare.

Union Hotel

Nevada

Ira Eaton & Williamson

Exchange Hotel

Grass Valley

[MS: N05_leaf_091v]

2,000 — 1

4 — 　2

8 　 4

20 　 10

100 　 50

15,000,000 tons pounds
is 7,500 tons.

To my mother whose
gentle heart hath always been gifted with an ex-
quisite exquisite appreciation of the
Good & the Beautiful, but
unto whose (otherwise darkened
understanding) grave and
solid practical understanding even
the mildest joke hath ever
been a dark & bloody mys-
tery mystery , these are affectionately
inscribed. She will mark
the useful or contain a worthy moral, but she will march
over the most charmingly elaborately humorous passages jokes with the tranquil
indifference of a blind man
treading among flowers. Hap-
[MS: N05_back flyleaf recto] pily for me she will not dis-
cover discover no the irreverent levity
that is hidden in this ded-166

[MTP: N&J1_177]
[MS: N05_back flyleaf verso]

XYZS

XYS

‸begin insertion span Republic of An-
dorre Andorre ,167 on Southern
slope of Pyrennees,
36 miles long & 30
wide—owe their in-
dependence independence to
Charlemagne &
have kept it ever
since—are under
protection of
France & Spain
—2,000 inhab—‸end insertion span Ⓣtextual note

“Give thy thoughts no
tongue”—Polonius to his Son.

“Woe unto the faint-
hearted faint-hearted .”Ⓣtextual note

[MS: N05_back endpaper]
[MTP: N&J1_178]

600[0]

10 000

6000,000

600

2000

[1]200000

6　　1[0]

12　　2[0]

18　　3[0]

[2◊]　　[4◊]

[30]　　54

36 60000　　[pro◊◊] ch[◊◊◊] for U.S.

‸begin insertion spanSmyrniote left 19th

—Noon 20th had made 110 miles

　 “ 　 21st 　 “ 　　　 “ 179 “

Sunday lat.28.12 long. 157.42—200 miles

Monday 23d—31.34 “ 157.30—202 “

Tuesday 24—34.31——157.40—180 “

Wed—25—37.18—158.06—170m

DEAD CALMⓉtextual note

Thurs—26—38.53—158.24—100 miles

Friday 27 　 38.55—157.37—38 miles

Saturday 28 　 38.46 —156.36 —48—

Sunday 29 　 38.43 —154.55 —80

Monday 30 —38.40 —154.03 —51

Tuesday 31 —38.48 —153.10 —50

Wednes Aug.1 —38.50 —150.56 —100

2 —38.54 —147.59 —138

3 —38.56 —145.13 —130.

4 —39.12 —143.59—.63

Sunday—5 —39.54 —142.13 —80

Monday—6 —40.24 —139.55 —55

Tuesday—7 —40.44 —140.04 —51

Wed —8 —40 24 —137.55 —110

Thurs—9 —39 45 —133.38 —195

Friday —10 —39.23 —130.58 —122.

Sat. 11 —39.00 —128.42 —105

Sun 12 —38.34 —126.33 —98

Mon 13 —　　　　—123.　　—

S 10 to Farallones　　　　　　 [◊]78

1200　　　　　　　　　 38331

530

1730 ‸end insertion span Ⓣtextual note

[MS: N05_outside back cover]

Sale of Is for 5000000

1854Ⓣtextual note 168

Editorial Notes

1 This table of chapter and page calculations was inscribed on the front cover of the notebook. Mark Twain must have compiled it after his return to San Francisco while working on the Sandwich Islands book he completed by early 1867 (see head-note and note 166). Much of the matter of the manuscript probably found its way into chapters 62 through 77 of Roughing It.

An example of Mark Twain's increasing use of the notebooks as a repository for literary material. This combination of adjectives, noted upside down on the front endpaper, was borrowed from a passage in Manley Hopkins' Hawaii: The Past, Present, and Future of Its Island-Kingdom (London: Longman, Green, Longman, and Roberts, 1862):

The sides of the hills are clothed with verdure; even the barren rocks that project from among the bushes are ornamented with pendulous or creeping plants of various kinds; and in several places beautiful cascades leap down the steep mountain's side into flowing rivulets beneath. (pp. 50–51)

Mark Twain commented on other passages from Hopkins' controversial book in Notebook 6.

On 19 December 1868, upon learning of Rising's death early that month in the disastrous Ohio River collision of the steamers America and United States, Samuel Clemens recalled his friend, the prototype for the fledgling minister in chapter 47 of Roughing It, in a letter to Olivia Langdon:

He was rector of the Episcopal church in Virginia City, Nevada—a noble young fellow—& for 3 years, there, he & I were fast friends. I used to try to teach him how he ought to preach in order to get at the better natures of the rough population about him, & he used to try hard to learn—for I knew them & he did not, for he was refined & sensitive & not intended for such a people as that . . . . Afterward I stumbled on him in the Sandwich Islands, where he was traveling for his health, & we so arranged it as to return to San Francisco in the same ship . . . . We were together all the time—pacing the deck night & day—there was no other congenial company. He tried earnestly to bring me to a knowledge of the true God. In return, I read his manuscripts & made suggestions for their emendation. We got along well together.

Upon arrival in San Francisco, Rising would embark for New York to become secretary of the Church Missionary Society of the Episcopal Church of the United States, which had offices at this address in Bible House, headquarters of the American Bible Society, in Astor Place, New York City.

4 On 10 September 1866, the opening day of the thirteenth annual fair of the California State Agricultural Society, the following horses competed in the pacing race at Union Park in Sacramento: Unknown, entered by Peter Gamble; Mike O'Brien, entered by E. F. Smith; Dick Gough, entered by E. M. Skaggs; Young America, entered by Barney Rice; and Queen of the Pacific, entered by George Gilbert. Mark Twain was reporting the fair for the Sacramento Daily Union, and several pages of entries made at the stock grounds occur near the end of this notebook. This notation, written over the preceding two entries, is characteristic of Mark Twain's use of the flyleaf for observations made throughout the period of a notebook's use.

5 The date of the second and last voyage to Honolulu made by the Ajax, operated by the California Steam Navigation Company. The Ajax proved unprofitable, and service was discontinued after its return to San Francisco on 15 April.

6 This entry possibly derives from Henry Ferguson's observation of a waterspout which threatened the Hornet longboat (The Journal of Henry Ferguson, January to August 1866 [Hartford: Case, Lockwood & Brainard Co., 1924], p. 98). Its occurrence here is a further example of Mark Twain's random use of the flyleaf, since he wouldn't read Ferguson's journal until late July.

7 Mary Richardson Newman, whose pen name was May Wentworth, was a journalist for the Golden Era, editor of Poetry of the Pacific: Selections and Original Poems from the Poets of the Pacific States (San Francisco: Pacific Publishing Company, 1867), and author of several children's books. She lived at this address in San Francisco with her husband Charles, a miner.

8 The firm of John and Samuel Ferguson, commission merchants, belonged to the family of Henry and Samuel Ferguson, survivors of the Hornet conflagration.

9 This is the first entry in the body of Notebook 5. The previous entries were made on the front endpaper and flyleaf.

Land in Fentress County, Tennessee, was purchased by John Marshall Clemens in the late 1820s and early 1830s in hopes of making the family fortune but was not finally disposed of—after much frustration and none of the anticipated profit—until many years later. The letters from home which so aggravated Clemens were probably related to the plans to sell the land he had been formulating in December 1865 (see headnote). On 22 May 1866 he wrote Mollie Clemens from Honolulu:

It is Orion's duty to attend to that land, & after shutting me out of my attempt to sell it (for which I shall never entirely forgive him,) if he lets it be sold for taxes, all his religion will not wipe out the sin. It is no use to quote Scripture to me, Mollie,—I am in poverty & exile now because of Orion's religious scruples . . . . I always feel bitter & malignant when I think of Ma & Pamela grieving at our absence & the land going to the dogs when I could have sold it & been at home now, instead of drifting about the outskirts of the world, battling for bread. ( MTBus , pp. 87–88)

And on 21 June he informed his mother and sister: “I expect I have made Orion mad, but I don't care a cent. He wrote me to go home & sell the Tenn. land & I wrote him to go to Thunder & take care of it himself. I tried to sell it once & he broke up the trade” ( MTBus , p. 88).

11 Shorthand reporter Andrew J. Marsh, formerly Mark Twain's colleague in reporting Nevada legislative proceedings for the Virginia City Territorial Enterprise, was among the Ajax passengers.

12 According to the Ajax passenger list, the ages of these “old” seamen were: Captain James Smith, 55; Captain A. W. Fish, 40; and Captain W. H. Phillips, 35. In Mark Twain's Sacramento Daily Union letters Fish became Fitch, Phillips became Phelps, and Smith became Cuttle (see Notebook 6, note 18).

13 The Shenandoah was a Confederate privateer which destroyed a number of whaling ships in the Pacific, including some of Hawaiian registry. Its depredations contributed to the decline of the whaling industry in the Hawaiian Islands.

14 James J. Ayers, one of the founders of the San Francisco Call and a California acquaintance of Mark Twain, was in the Sandwich Islands at this time for health, recreation, and business, the latter culminating in his founding of the Daily Hawaiian Herald, which he published from 4 September to 21 December 1866. One of Ayers' Sandwich Islands acquaintances was James Price, whom he later described as “a leading butcher of Honolulu” (James J. Ayers, Gold and Sunshine: Reminiscences of Early California [Boston: Richard G. Badger, 1922], p. 219).

15 In Mark Twain's letter in the Sacramento Daily Union of 19 April 1866 ( MTH , p. 277) this phonetic resemblance appears as one of Mr. Brown's typical blunders in pronunciation.

16 Mark Twain's “A Voyage of the Ajax” (Territorial Enterprise, 23 February 1866, reprinted in The Californian, 3 March 1866, as “Presence of Mind—Incidents of the Down Trip of the Ajax”) included a comic account of the misadventures of Lewis Leland, manager of the Occidental Hotel in San Francisco, on the maiden voyage of the Ajax but made no mention of an arrest. As the next entry suggests, however, he may have been hearing further anecdotes about Leland from Ajax personnel.

17 Although the number of celebrated passengers on the initial voyage of the Ajax did not fulfill the hopes of the publicity-conscious California Steam Navigation Company, several prominent people did make the trip. In addition to Leland and Ayers, the passenger list included the aging, but still well-known diva Madame Anna Bishop, said to be the prototype for Du Maurier's Trilby, and Kisaboro, a Japanese traveler who, it was remarked, wore two swords.

18 Mark Twain's cancellation suggests an attempt to transcribe a slurred remark, perhaps by one of the three whalers who reportedly consumed nineteen gallons of whiskey in the first eight days of the trip (see Mark Twain's letter in the Sacramento Daily Union of 16 April 1866, MTH , p. 262). The speaker may have been instructing the steward to provide him “enough lunch” or commenting upon the magnificent or munificent lunch he had already provided.

19 For a discussion of the career of Dr. Gerrit Parmele Judd, see the headnote to this notebook.

20 In return for nominating Zachary Taylor for the presidency at the Whig convention of 1848, Elisha Hunt Allen had been appointed United States consul in Honolulu. In 1853 he had become a member of the Hawaiian government, serving as minister of finance until 1857, when he was appointed chief justice of the Supreme Court of Hawaii.

21 When Kamehameha V came to the throne in 1863, he refused to take an oath to support the constitution of 1852 because it did not conform to his view of the prerogatives of the crown. Opposed to universal suffrage, Kamehameha V advocated a property qualification for voting and for election to the Hawaiian House of Representatives, as well as other measures to increase the power of the monarch. When a constitutional convention called by the king failed to act to his satisfaction, he dissolved it and announced that he would provide the new constitution, which he did on 20 August 1864. Despite dissatisfaction with the constitution of 1864, it remained in force for twenty-three years, longer than any other Hawaiian constitution.

22 By late May, when he was reporting on the Hawaiian legislature for the Sacramento Daily Union, Mark Twain had learned that it no longer was bicameral, having been reduced to a single chamber by the monarchist constitution of 1864.

23 Kamehameha V, then thirty-six, never would marry. The facts of his bachelor life approach melodrama. Engaged as a young man to the High Chiefess Bernice Pauahi, Kamehameha V had relinquished his claims on her to permit her marriage in 1850 to Charles Reed Bishop of New York, later a prominent Honolulu merchant and public official. After the death of his sister Princess Victoria Kamamalu on 29 May 1866, the public demanded that the king marry in order to guarantee an undisturbed line of succession to the throne. Although in love with Dowager Queen Emma, the widow of his brother Kamehameha IV, the king did not propose marriage to her, feeling certain that reverence for her dead husband, as well as her own religious scruples and the disapproval of the Anglican church, to which the royal family belonged, would lead to his rejection. When he did authorize one of his ministers to approach Emma on his behalf, these intuitions proved correct. Even though Kamehameha V found himself unable to marry, he consistently resisted requests that he name a successor. At last, on 11 December 1872, just one hour before death, he informed Bernice Pauahi Bishop that he wished her to be his successor. Upon her refusal, the king, unwilling to offer the succession to Emma, died without naming a successor, thereby touching off a crisis of nearly a month's duration before a new king could be elected.

24 Mataio Kekuanaoa, who for many years had been governor of Oahu, was now president of the Hawaiian legislative assembly.

25 In 1865 Charles de Varigny, a former French consul and chancellor of the French consulate who had been minister of finance since 1863 and who was firmly opposed to United States influence in Hawaii, was named minister of foreign affairs. Varigny's elevation to the most crucial post in Kamehameha V's cabinet must have seemed ominous to Americans resident in Hawaii who remembered French involvement in local affairs between the 1830s and the 1850s. Although this entry indicates that some of the Ajax passengers were communicating their apprehensions to Mark Twain, his own later indifferent characterization of Varigny as a “merely sensible, unpretentious” man with “nothing particularly remarkable” about him (Sacramento Daily Union, 21 June 1866, MTH , p. 325) indicates he did not find him threatening or offensive.

26 As explained in the headnote, it was on this date that Mark Twain misplaced Notebook 5 and shifted temporarily to Notebook 6.

27 John Young, English boatswain of a United States vessel, was detained in Hawaii in 1790 after a massacre of natives by the captain of his ship. Young made one unsuccessful attempt to escape and then, persuaded by the good treatment he received from Kamehameha I, who was desirous of having foreigners in his service, he decided to remain in Hawaii. He became a trusted adviser to the king, aided him in his wars of conquest, and was given the status of a Hawaiian chief. Young was governor of Hawaii from 1802 to 1812.

28 It is reported that when a native priest, jealous of John Young's influence with Kamehameha I, attempted in vain to pray him to death, Young responded in kind and was successful (Antoinette Withington, The Golden Cloak [Honolulu: Hawaiiana Press, 1953], pp. 66–67). This superstition figures in one of the surviving fragments of a Sandwich Islands novel Mark Twain attempted to write in 1884 (DV 111). There mass consternation results when the king's spittoon is stolen for use in praying him to death.

29 According to the census of 1866, of a total population of 62,959, Hawaiians and part-Hawaiians accounted for 58,765, white immigrants for 2,200, with the balance made up of Chinese and other nationalities. In 1852 about 300 Chinese and in 1865 some 500 Chinese had been brought to Hawaii as contract laborers. Although Malaysia was discussed as a potential source, not for temporary labor but for permanent replenishment of the waning native population, apparently no large numbers of Malaysians were brought to Hawaii.

30 It is difficult now to evaluate the comparative degrees of hostility felt toward the United States by Kamehameha IV and Kamehameha V. It is clear, however, that both kings were repelled by certain American political and social realities. Of royal birth, they naturally resisted attempts to turn their country into a republic on the American pattern or to simply make it an appendage of the United States. Racial prejudice, with which the royal brothers had several unpleasant encounters during a visit to the United States in 1850 (see note 120), was an important cause of their displeasure with America. Resentful of the severe restraints placed upon him by his missionary tutors, Kamehameha IV may have been more antimissionary than anti-American. There is no doubt that his wife, Queen Emma, had strong British sympathies, particularly in religious matters, and it was during their reign that the Anglican church was established in Hawaii (see notes 78 and 80). Although Kamehameha V may have seemed less of an anglophile than his brother, there does not appear to be any support for the contention, contradicted at a later point in this notebook and also in Notebook 6, that he was more favorably disposed toward the United States.

31 Although this remark has something of the tone of a remonstrance to the fictional Mr. Brown, it was probably meant for Anson Burlingame's nineteen-year-old son Edward, with whom Mark Twain was exchanging puns. The Burlingames had arrived in Honolulu en route to China on 18 June 1866; at about this time Mark Twain apparently recovered Notebook 5.

32 Leprosy, known as Mai Pake, or “Chinese disease”—although there is no clear proof that it was imported from China—was present in the Sandwich Islands at least from the second quarter of the nineteenth century, but it wasn't until shortly before Mark Twain's visit that the government began to take measures for its control. Mark Twain must have seen the receiving station and hospital at Kalihi, about two miles west of Honolulu. Patients judged incurable at Kalihi were sent to an isolation settlement on a small peninsula on the north side of Molokai.

33 Louis Desirée Maigret was the head of the French Roman Catholic mission to the Sandwich Islands. He presided over the Church of Our Lady of Peace in Honolulu.

34 Victoria Kaahumanu Kamamalu, sister of Kamehameha IV and Kamehameha V and heir presumptive to the Hawaiian throne, was born on 1 November 1838 and died on 29 May 1866. Mark Twain devoted the major part of three Sacramento Daily Union letters to a description of her funeral and the ceremonies of mourning held during the month her body lay in state in the royal palace (see note 64).

35 Charles Coffin Harris was an American lawyer. As attorney general and minister of finance Harris was a particularly influential adviser to Kamehameha V and an object of Mark Twain's critical attack. Ralph S. Kuykendall (The Hawaiian Kingdom, 3 vols. [Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1953], 2:218) observed that Harris, who later served as minister of foreign affairs and as associate and chief justice of the Hawaiian Supreme Court, “deserved something better than the sneering obloquy heaped upon him by the American humorist in the Sacramento Daily Union. It is true that Harris had an unfortunate domineering manner, an air of superiority and condescension that infuriated some people and repelled many others; but he was a man of considerable natural ability, indefatigable industry, and unimpeachable personal integrity.” Nevertheless, Harris' less than admirable performance during legislative proceedings on this currency bill, some of which Mark Twain probably observed, would have provided ample basis for an unfavorable impression of him. The bill was opposed by the consolidated force of the Honolulu business community, which saw no reason to issue unstable paper currency when sound specie was available. Harris, though apparently unmotivated by a desire for personal gain, repeatedly resorted to pompous indirection and innuendo in a misguided attempt to secure passage of his bill. On 3 July, after a foolish debate which was extended for nearly two months, the Hawaiian legislature denied Harris the face-saving device of withdrawing his bill and instead voted 31 to 3 to postpone it indefinitely.

36 Dr. John Mott Smith, Hawaii's pioneer dentist, had come to the Sandwich Islands from New York in 1851. In 1866 he was a Hawaiian legislator, chairman of the Legislative Committee on Finance, and editor of the Hawaiian Gazette, the government newspaper.

37 In his Autobiographical Dictation of 20 February 1906, Mark Twain recalled the origin of this joke, which too frequent repetition had made “a seedy and repulsive tramp whose proper place is in the hospital for the decayed, the friendless, and the forlorn”: “Mr. Burlingame's son—now editor of Scribner's Magazine these many years and soon to reach the foothills that lie near the frontiers of age—was with him there in Honolulu; a handsome boy of nineteen, and overflowing with animation, activity, energy, and the pure joy of being alive. He attended balls and fandangos and hula hulas every night—anybody's, brown, half white, white—and he could dance all night and be as fresh as ever the next afternoon. One day he delighted me with a joke which I afterward used in a lecture in San Francisco, and from there it traveled all around in the newspapers. He said, ‘If a man compel thee to go with him a mile, go with him Twain’ ” ( MTA , 2:125–126).

38 F. A. Oudinot was a resident of Lahaina, Maui, who claimed descent from Charles Nicolas Oudinot, duc de Reggio, maréchal de France under Napoleon. Oudinot customarily celebrated French national holidays by dressing in a splendid French uniform and carrying a French flag. He was the prototype for Markiss, the teller of tall tales, in chapter 77 of Roughing It.

39 David Malo (1793?–1853) was Hawaii's first superintendent of schools and the second native licensed to preach. His association with the Hawaiian chiefs provided him with the extensive knowledge of ancient Hawaiian history and customs he recorded in Moolelo Hawaii, written about 1840. Malo's history of Kamehameha I was apparently completed and suppressed around 1836, so that initial responsibility for its disappearance cannot accurately be assigned to Kamehameha IV, who was two years old at the time. In Notebook 6 (p. 228) Mark Twain recorded a more plausible version of these events.

40 A popular story about Paul Kanoa, governor of Kauai from 1847 to 1877.

41 Italian consul Dr. Charles F. Guillou and his wife, if they were Southern sympathizers during the Civil War, were definitely in the minority in pro-Union Hawaii.

42 The incident alluded to here has not been identified precisely but must have occurred between 5 December 1865 and 3 February 1866 while the United States steam frigate Lancaster, commanded by H. K. Davenport, was on a diplomatic visit to the Sandwich Islands. Lieutenant Commander William B. Cushing had sufficient reason for celebration, for he was expecting a reward of $50,000 for “his services in blowing up the rebel ram Albamarle, during the rebellion” (Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 17 March 1866). Cushing's feat again became a topic of discussion in Honolulu just the day before Mark Twain's arrival, when the Pacific Commercial Advertiser reported that he had actually been awarded $16,100.

The following events took place in the spring of 1865 and involved seamen of the British ship Clio, which was about to carry the Dowager Queen Emma on the first leg of a trip to England. Midshipman Charles De La Poer Beresford, the chief culprit, was a descendant of two ancient and martial families and had himself joined the navy in 1859, at the age of thirteen. Many years later, Admiral Lord Charles Beresford described this youthful escapade:

A certain lady . . . bet me ... that I would not pull down the American flag. That emblem was painted on wood upon an escutcheon fixed over the entrance to the garden of the Consulate.... Having induced two other midshipmen to come with me, we went under cover of night to the Consulate. I climbed upon the backs of my accomplices, leaped up, caught hold of the escutcheon, and brought the whole thing down upon us. Then we carried the trophy on board in a shore-boat. Unfortunately the boatman recognized what it was, and basely told the American consul, who was naturally indignant, and who insisted that the flag should be nailed up again in its place. I had no intention of inflicting annoyance, and had never considered how serious might be the consequences of a boyish impulse. My captain very justly said that as I had pulled down the flag I must put it up again, and sent me with a couple of carpenters on shore. We replaced the insulted emblem of national honour, to the deep delight of an admiring crowd. (The Memoirs of Admiral Lord Charles Beresford, 2 vols. [London: Methuen & Co., 1914], 1:58–59)

The other participants in the episode were American minister resident James McBride, British commissioner William W. F. Synge, and Captain Tourneur of the Clio.

44 “Feeling ran pretty high between the English and the Americans in the Sandwich Islands with regard to the American Civil War, which was then waging. It was none of our business, but we of the Clio chose to sympathise with the South” (Beresford, Memoirs, 1:58).

45 On 13 May 1865, the Pacific Commercial Advertiser noted: “the night before the Clio left, a report was carried on board that some of the midshipmen were in danger of an assault from parties on shore. Upon learning it, the officer in charge called for volunteers to go on shore, and some forty men were landed with clubs.... The rumor arose from the fact that some four young Americans had made up their minds to try and stop the singing of the middies.” According to the newspaper account, the Americans were objecting to the “mob of sailors and officers” who had gone through Honolulu singing “the ‘John Brown’ song with a chorus somewhat different from the original.”

46 To counteract Great Britain's attentions to the Hawaiian royal family, the steam frigate Lancaster (see note 42) was under instructions “to cultivate the most friendly and cordial relations” with Hawaii's people and government (Kuykendall, The Hawaiian Kingdom, 2:206). Although the Lancaster's officers reportedly made a favorable impression, this entry suggests that its mission was not an unqualified success.

47 The conclusion of the Civil War enabled the United States to comply with the wish of its citizens in Hawaii that there be frequent visits by United States warships to protect American interests there. In the summer of 1866, the U.S.S. Lackawanna, commanded by Captain William Reynolds, was assigned indefinitely to the Hawaiian Islands. It would arrive early in 1867, much to the annoyance of Kamehameha V, who feared for Hawaiian independence and felt a personal dislike for Reynolds, who, while stationed in the islands in the 1850s and early 1860s, had been a noisy advocate of annexation by the United States. Despite the king's resentment, the Lackawanna was not to be permanently withdrawn until May 1868.

48 In 1865 the United States government had authorized the establishment of a federally subsidized ocean mail-steamship service between the United States and China, with Honolulu as one of the ports of call. The Pacific Mail Steamship Company, awarded the contract for the San Francisco—China line, objected to the Honolulu stop, maintaining that it lengthened the route and that Honolulu harbor facilities were inadequate for large ships. In January 1866, while controversy raged over the possible elimination of the Honolulu stop, the California Steam Navigation Company inaugurated its Ajax service between San Francisco and Honolulu. As a result of the Hawaiian government's refusal to subsidize any steamer service as long as Honolulu's inclusion in the San Francisco—China run remained possible, the local operation was abandoned in the spring of 1866. In his Sacramento Daily Union letters of 17 and 18 April, Mark Twain appealed for federal subsidy of direct service between San Francisco and Honolulu that would allow elimination of the Honolulu stop from the China run. California capitalists would have the means of carrying on rapid commerce with Hawaii, a necessity if they were to wrest economic control of the islands from the English and French. This was the compromise solution adopted by Congress early in 1867.

49 The disposition of Kamehameha V to rule in fact as well as in name, which Mark Twain had already noted (p. 115), seems to invalidate this assessment of the Hawaiian political system. Nevertheless, an expanded version of this comment, published in the Sacramento Daily Union of 30 July 1866 ( MTH , p. 354), indicates that he was concerned with the economic and social reality he thought he saw beneath the political facade: “The moneyed strength of these islands—their agriculture, their commerce, their mercantile affairs—is in the hands of Americans—republicans; the religious power of the country is wielded by Americans—republicans; the whole people are saturated with the spirit of democratic Puritanism, and they are—republicans. This is a republic, to the very marrow, and over it sit a King, a dozen Nobles and half a dozen Ministers.”

50 One of the most prominent potential successors to Kamehameha V was the High Chief William Charles Lunalilo, a cousin to the king and grandson of a half-brother of Kamehameha I, who enjoyed the unofficial title of prince and who was popularly recognized as having the best natural claim to the throne. Lunalilo's friendship for the United States would be evident during his brief reign (8 January 1873 to 3 February 1874) in his acceptance of American principles of government and by his appointment of a cabinet which, with one exception, was made up of Americans.

51 A reciprocity treaty allowing free entry of Hawaiian sugar and a number of other products into the United States, desperately sought by Hawaiian planters and obstructed in the 1850s by Southern sugar and Northern wool interests, had most recently been denied consideration in 1864 because of President Lincoln's preoccupation with the Civil War. An 1866 campaign for reciprocity was doomed to failure by the usual antagonism of commercial interests represented in the United States Senate and by the opposition of some Americans in Hawaii, who believed reciprocity would prevent or postpone annexation. Mark Twain's comment here suggests the viewpoint of those who were willing to settle for reciprocity in the hope that the commercial ties fostered would lead inevitably to annexation, an argument of considerable weight in finally securing United States approval of a reciprocity treaty in 1876.

52 In 1866 a law against adultery became part of the Hawaiian penal code. The penalty it established for the male offender was “a fine not exceeding one hundred nor less than thirty dollars” and/or “imprisonment at hard labor not more than twelve nor less than three months” and for the female “a fine not exceeding thirty nor less then ten dollars” and/or “imprisonment at hard labor not more than four nor less than two months” (Robert G. Davis, The Penal Code of The Hawaiian Kingdom [Honolulu: Government Press, 1869], p. 21).

53 Samuel Gardner Wilder, son-in-law of Dr. Gerrit P. Judd, was a planter and businessman who would later play an outstanding part in the development of Hawaii's interisland navigation system.

54 According to Lorrin Andrews' A Dictionary of the Hawaiian Language (Honolulu, 1865), “A person with a white skin; hence, a foreigner.”

55 Kakau, the nurse of Gerrit P. Wilder, son of Samuel Gardner Wilder.

56 After a journey of more than six weeks in a longboat, Captain Josiah A. Mitchell, master of the clipper ship Hornet, and fourteen other survivors of the ship's conflagration at sea arrived at Laupahoehoe, Hawaii, on 15 June 1866, just a day or two after Mark Twain's departure on the last stretch of his horseback tour of the island. Mark Twain made up for this near miss after the survivors' arrival in Honolulu on 23 June, when he wrote the story of the Hornet disaster for the Sacramento Daily Union, where it was given front-page publication on 19 July 1866. An excerpt from this letter was included under the title “Short and Singular Rations” in The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County and Other Sketches (New York: C. H. Webb, 1867).

57 During the American Civil War sugar production replaced whaling as the staple industry of the Sandwich Islands. In 1860 Minister of Foreign Affairs Robert Crichton Wyllie had converted his Princeville plantation on Kauai from coffee to sugar in an attempt to profit from the boom in Hawaiian sugar. Although prices were high when Wyllie made the conversion, a decline set in after the war because of the renewed production of Southern sugar and a glut in the important San Francisco market caused by Hawaiian overproduction. Wyllie, who died nearly bankrupt, was only one of many who suffered. In the second half of 1866 and in 1867 there was widespread economic depression and considerable failure among plantation agents and planters who had gone heavily into debt during the boom period.

58 The Maui site of several large plantations Mark Twain had visited in April and May 1866.

On 16 January 1841 Simona P. Kalama, later a prominent government official, saved Dr. Gerrit P. Judd from death in the crater of the active volcano Kilauea. According to Dr. Judd, he was collecting specimens of gas and lava when:

Suddenly I heard the report of an explosion; a fiery jet burst up from the center, and a river of fire rolled toward me. The heat was intense. I could not retrace my steps and face the fire, so I turned to the wall, but could not climb over the projecting ledge. I prayed God for deliverance, and shouted to the natives to come and take my hand, which I could extend over the ledge so as to be seen. Kalama heard me and came to the brink, but the intense heat drove him back. “Do not forsake me and let me perish,” I said. He came again and threw himself on the ground, with face averted to avoid the heat, seized my hand with both his, and I threw myself out. The fire swept under as I went over the ledge, burning my shirt-sleeves and wrist, and blistering Kalama's face. (From a letter by Gerrit P. Judd, quoted in Laura Fish Judd, Honolulu: Sketches of Life in the Hawaiian Islands from 1828 to 1861, ed. Dale L. Morgan [Chicago: Lakeside Press, 1966], p. 150)

60 Initiated originally for the market provided by the large Chinese population of the Sandwich Islands, rice cultivation had taken on the proportions of fanaticism in the early 1860s after experimental plantings of a new seed variety had yielded extraordinary returns. Even after the speculators dropped out, rice cultivation remained substantial, and by the mid-1860s rice was second in importance only to sugar among Hawaii's agricultural products.

61 G. B. Ukeke, elected to the Hawaiian legislature in 1851 in the first election of popular representatives, was still an active legislator in 1866. A temporary resignation for the reason noted here would not, however, have been an unlikely action for the prankish Ukeke, who during the 1866 legislative proceedings on the controversial Harris currency bill (see note 35) suggested that dog's or pig's teeth be readopted as the medium of currency, since “paper money is not good for natives as their food is watery, and if they dropped any of the paper money into it, it would dissolve, and that would be the last of the poor natives' money” (Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 23 June 1866).

62 In 1864 Samuel G. Wilder had become sole owner of the Kualoa plantation on Oahu in which he had previously been the partner of Gerrit P. Judd.

Elizabeth Kinau Wilder, wife of Samuel G. Wilder, later recalled:

Mark Twain stayed with us for a week. While he was there, Kakau, Gerrit's nurse, died. The coffin was brought onto the veranda, and surrounded by wailing women. Kauka rendered Kaoka by Mark Twain, this Hawaiian word for doctor was used by the natives in addressing Dr. Gerrit P. Judd, but it had also become a family nickname, applied to a dog, then to a horse, and here to the Wilders' son Gerrit seized an umbrella, strode it like a horse, and galloped around the bier, while the natives groaned at the spectacle, and stretched out their arms to stop him. “Leave the child alone,” said the humorist; “he will fight his way to Heaven.” Kakau's husband sat up all night, making a black alpaca coat to wear to the funeral, where Mark Twain followed him, in evident admiration. (The Memoirs of Elizabeth Kinau Wilder, ed. Elizabeth Leslie Wight [Honolulu: Paradise of the Pacific Press, 1909], p. 140)

Accounts of the death at age twenty-seven of Princess Victoria Kaahumanu Kamamalu, whose sexual appetites were celebrated in native chants performed at her funeral, are suspiciously silent about the cause of death. Cognizant perhaps of the diplomatic wisdom of presenting the princess as the royal family wished her to appear—although she had suffered at least one widely known fall from virtue in the company of a Honolulu auctioneer—Mark Twain commented favorably on her character in his 16 July Sacramento Daily Union letter. In 1873, however, he would more candidly characterize her as “the christianized but morally unclean Princess” (letter in the New York Daily Tribune, 9 January 1873, MTH , p. 497), and still later he provided an account of her which expanded upon this early notebook entry:

In the Sandwich Islands in 1866 a buxom royal princess died. Occupying a place of distinguished honor at her funeral were thirty-six splendidly built young native men. In a laudatory song which celebrated the various merits, achievements and accomplishments of the late princess those thirty-six stallions were called her harem, and the song said it had been her pride and boast that she kept the whole of them busy, and that several times it had happened that more than one of them had been able to charge overtime. ( LE , p. 41)

65 One of several versions of the legendary encounter between the hog-god Kamapuaa, local deity of the Kaliuwaa valley on Oahu, and Pele, goddess of volcanoes, who dwelt in the crater of Kilauea on Hawaii.

66 The Pacific Commercial Advertiser and Nupepa Kuakoa were founded by Henry Whitney in 1856 and 1861, respectively. Whitney would later claim he had refused Mark Twain a job as reporter for the Pacific Commercial Advertiser, the spokesman for the American interests in Hawaii, reputedly on suspicion of laziness. The other two newspapers were established by the government in 1865.

67 A further reference to Wyllie's unprofitable sugar plantation, discussed in note 57.

72 Howries is a phonetic spelling of haoles (foreigners). Mark Twain wrote this comment in the margin beside his purported conversation with Mr. Brown.

68 The following draft of a conversation with Mr. Brown anticipates Mark Twain's scorn for affected use of foreign languages, as recorded in chapter 23 of The Innocents Abroad. It was not used by Mark Twain in his writings about the Sandwich Islands.

69 Mark Twain's inscription here is illegible, but its length and general configuration suggest that the word intended was either kiki, meaning quickly, or wiki, meaning quick.

70 Mark Twain mistakenly wrote oni, meaning uneasy, restless, for ino, which does mean bad.

71 Hoopilimeaai was pointedly defined by Mark Twain in the Sacramento Daily Union of 30 July 1866 ( MTH , p. 349) as “Uriah Heep boiled down ... the soul and spirit of obsequiousness” and offered as a description of Attorney General and Minister of Finance Charles Coffin Harris, who is discussed in note 35.

73 Edward Howard was a foppish, proper Englishman who met Mark Twain at the Volcano House at Kilauea. Since he intended to journey across the United States, Howard became Mark Twain's touring companion so he could observe a “typical” American. A series of indelicacies and misadventures suffered in Mark Twain's company discouraged him about the prospective pleasure of his tour of the United States. During their joint excursion on the island of Hawaii Mark Twain persisted in introducing Howard as “Brown,” claiming that he found the latter name “easier to remember” ( MTH , p. 75).

74 The wife and daughters of Captain Thomas Spencer, master of a whaling ship who had become a prosperous merchant and ship chandler in Honolulu and Hilo after losing his ship in an assault by Gilbert Islands natives. In the second week of June, Mark Twain reportedly stayed at the Hilo home of the convivial Spencer, whose flamboyant and boisterous manner approached that of the nearly mythical Captain Ned Wakeman.

75 Mark Twain's consistent desire to satirize popular romantic treatments of the sea, in this case Epes Sargent's buoyant escapist poem (set to music by Henry Russell), was here stirred by the becalmed monotony of the Smyrniote voyage to San Francisco as it had been stimulated on the down trip by the harsh reality of the Ajax fireman's lot (see the Sacramento Daily Union, 18 April 1866, MTH , p. 270).

76 An aggressive agricultural journalist who was touring the Sandwich Islands. Mark Twain recorded some of his impositions in Notebook 6.

77 Perhaps a version of an anecdote titled “A Monkey Trick” (in Ocean Scenes, or the Perils and Beauties of the Deep [New York: Leavitt, Trow, & Company, 1848], pp. 284–285), telling of a ship's monkey which abducts a passenger's baby and carries it aloft to dandle and comfort it in the rigging before returning it safely to the deck. Recurrent allusions in Notebook 5 to other pieces in Ocean Scenes—a collection of sketches dealing chiefly with mishaps at sea and intended to fill and instruct the leisure moments of “the intelligent mariner” (Ocean Scenes, p. vi)—suggest that Mark Twain found this book in the Smyrniote library.

78 The Reverend Thomas Nettleship Staley, first Anglican bishop of Honolulu, had arrived in late 1862 to be head of the Hawaiian Reformed Catholic church. Anglicanism was introduced at the request of Kamehameha IV and Queen Emma, who considered English religious practices to be more consistent with monarchial government than New England Congregationalism.

79 It wasn't until 1863 that the American missionaries in Hawaii undertook to train Hawaiian pastors and to assign them responsibility for small local parishes. In July 1866 The Friend reported a total of twenty ordained Hawaiian pastors. The number Mark Twain noted probably included natives in training for the ministry, since by 1870 there were forty-four native pastors in Hawaiian churches and another sixteen had gone as missionaries to Micronesia and the Marquesas.

80 The sudden advent of the Anglican church caused much consternation and resentment among American missionaries and residents in Hawaii. Although they had been prepared to accept an Episcopalian clergyman, preferably an American, the establishment of an Anglican episcopate was regarded as a violation of the unstated agreement by which American Protestant missionaries confined themselves to islands north of the equator and left more southern islands to the English. Since affairs of the church were inevitably interpreted as machinations of the state, the English religious invasion seemed a prelude to a more general English intervention and raised the further possibility that France would feel obligated to exert herself more vigorously on behalf of her Roman Catholic mission in Hawaii. Despite some ambivalence toward American missionaries, Mark Twain shared their dislike of Bishop Staley and defended them against the encroachment of the English. “Our missionaries are our missionaries,” he wrote at one point, “and even if they were our devils I would not want any English prelate to slander them” (Sacramento Daily Union, 16 July 1866, MTH , p. 331; see also his letter in the Union of 30 July, MTH , pp. 352–355).

81 The Reverend Samuel Chenery Damon, pastor of the Oahu Bethel Church, is mentioned at greater length in Notebook 6.

82 James Andrew H. Lampton was the half brother of Jane Lampton Clemens and a contemporary of her children, Pamela and Orion. Despite an aversion to the sight of blood, he attended the McDowell Medical College in Saint Louis, founded by Joseph Nash McDowell, a skillful though eccentric physician who encouraged his students to steal cadavers for dissection.

83 “Forty-Five Days' Sufferings” (Ocean Scenes, pp. 180–184), an account of the tribulations of a crew stranded at sea in a ship that has lost shrouds and sails during a storm, includes a lurid description of the murder and consumption of a Negro who is part of the ship's cargo. Mark Twain's grotesque levity may be a reaction to the methodical butchery performed by the famished sailors, who took care to dress the meat before eating it and were even so provident as to pickle for later use what they couldn't devour immediately.

84 This quotation seems to be the product of the same impulse that produced Mark Twain's early Mississippi River sketch “Captain Montgomery,” published in the Golden Era on 28 January 1866.

85 The disastrous Walker River floods of late 1861 and early 1862, when Clemens was living in the Nevada county where he had one of his brief experiences as a silver miner.

86 The song, with music by C. Meineke and words by Felicia Hemans, has been called “the most important maritime song of the 1830's” (Sigmund Spaeth, A History of Popular Music in America [New York: Random House, 1948], p. 78).

87 Seargent Smith Prentiss, southern lawyer and politician, whose oratory reputedly struck awe in Daniel Webster, and whose prowess as a jurist was said to exceed even his skill as an orator, was prominent in two Mississippi murder trials in the 1830s. In 1831 it was Prentiss' speech for the prosecution that secured the death penalty for Alonzo Phelps, a scholarly highwayman-murderer. At one point during this speech Phelps was restrained from attacking Prentiss only by his own lawyer's confidence of acquittal. The second trial, perhaps more sensational, concerned the murder of Mississippi planter Joel Cameron by four of his slaves. In July 1835, having been engaged for a large fee by Cameron's partner, Alexander G. McNutt, who had vigorously spurred the prosecution and execution of the four slaves, Prentiss delivered an inflammatory speech that played upon white fears of Negro insurrection to wring from the jury the conviction of a fifth man, the free Negro Mercer Byrd, who had been discovered in possession of Cameron's watch. In a confession made just prior to his execution but suppressed by his lawyer, Byrd identified McNutt, a few years later elected governor of Mississippi, as the instigator of his partner's murder, apparently for financial profit.

88 Here and below (see note 93) Mark Twain refers to Theodore Parker's controversial condemnation of Daniel Webster, delivered at the Boston Melodeon on 31 October 1852, one week after Webster's death, and disseminated widely through newspaper and pamphlet publication.

89 Seen by the eight-year-old Sam Clemens and recalled in chapter 18 of The Innocents Abroad.

90 John S. Thomas was third officer of the Hornet. In his letter in the Sacra-mento Daily Union of 19 July 1866, Mark Twain cited Thomas as the primary source of his information about the Hornet wreck and the sufferings of its surviving crewmen.

91 Probably a reference to photographs of the Ferguson brothers and Captain Mitchell. On 13 July Mitchell had written in his diary: “Lunchd at Am Hotel Fergusons about the same. Had pictures taken together for Hilo friends” (The Diary of Captain Josiah A. Mitchell, 1866 [Hartford: Case, Lockwood & Brainard Co., 1924], p. 58).

92 Mark Twain intended to write “28 July.” He was at this time reading the journals kept by the Ferguson brothers and Captain Mitchell during their ordeal in the Hornet longboat and inadvertently transferred the month from one of their notebooks to his own.

93 This particular phrase does not appear in published versions of Parker's speech, although elements of it pervade the frequently demonic word pictures he painted of Webster and his oratory.

94 Of the diseases brought to the Sandwich Islands, the most deadly was syphilis which dated from the arrival of Captain Cook in 1778. The mai okuu—cholera, or perhaps bubonic plague—reputedly destroyed over half the population around 1804. There were epidemics of influenza in 1826, mumps in 1839, and in the 1840s and 1850s outbreaks of measles, whooping cough, diarrhea, and smallpox, which took a combined total of many thousands of lives.

95 Prominent during the Civil War among Iowa Copperheads, the eccentric Dean was a Methodist circuit preacher, lawyer, and chaplain of the United States Senate, who was famous as a powerful and flamboyant public speaker. Mark Twain would recall Dean's oratory in chapter 57 of Life on the Mississippi.

96 In addition to Captain Josiah Mitchell, Third Mate John S. Thomas, and Henry and Samuel Ferguson, the following men—some of whom Mark Twain would mention in “Forty-Three Days in An Open Boat”—were refugees in the Hornet's longboat: Henry Morris, Joseph Williams, Peter Smith, C. H. Haartman, Antonio Cassero, John Ferris, Frederick Clough, Neil Turner, Thomas F. Tate, James Cox, John Campbell.

97 Complementing his ability as a writer of English, Judd had quickly become a master of the Hawaiian tongue. In 1834 he prepared a medical treatment book in Hawaiian for the use of both missionaries and natives. In 1835 he wrote Anatomia, a sixty-page textbook in which he established nearly all of the anatomical terms in the Hawaiian language. Judd also participated in the missionaries' translation of the Bible, completed in 1839.

98 One of the pioneer missionaries, Lorrin Andrews became an adviser to the chiefs, then a judge and Supreme Court justice, but it was as educator and lexicographer that he became best known. Andrews helped establish and was the first principal of Hawaii's first high school, founded at Lahainaluna in 1831. He was the author of a large number of school texts in Hawaiian, including Grammar of the Hawaiian Language (Honolulu, 1854) and A Dictionary of the Hawaiian Language (Honolulu, 1865).

99 John Jones was a storekeeper at Laupahoehoe on Hawaii, where the Hornet longboat was brought ashore. Although Mark Twain here identified Jones's steward as Charles Jackson, it is a Charles Bartlett whom Captain Mitchell's diary (p. 106) mentions gratefully in conjunction with Jones.

100 On 17 June Henry Ferguson noted in his journal (p. 123): “Natives and some white men came in to see us, one big Englishman tormenting us exceedingly with well meant but ill timed attentions.” This may have been the man Captain Josiah Mitchell listed in his diary (p. 109) as “J. Spencer/Waimeu/Hawaii/Managing Waimeu Grazing Cop.”

101 Charles and Julius Richardson were cousins and partners in the Kapapala Ranch on Hawaii, where on 2 June Mark Twain stopped en route to the active volcano Kilauea. They were also proprietors of the recently opened Volcano House, Kilauea's first hotel. In a letter in the Sacramento Daily Union of 16 November 1866, Mark Twain would write of the comforts of the Richardsons' hotel.

102 The only instance in which a spiral occurs on an entry not related to the Hornet, although the reference is to a similar disaster at sea.

103 A Captain Clark was master of the interisland schooner Alberni, which belonged to the Hawaiian Steam and General Inter-Island Navigation Company.

104 This incident occurs in chapter 37 of The Heart of Midlothian. Although Mark Twain read a good many of Sir Walter Scott's works, he may here be recalling Dion Boucicault's “Great Sensation Play, entitled Jeannie Deans,” a popular adaptation of the novel presented in San Francisco shortly before he accepted his Sandwich Islands assignment.

105 Paraphrase of a passage from Lincoln's second inaugural address, 4 March 1865.

106 The Hornet longboat.

107

Samuel Clemens' 19 December 1868 description of the Reverend Franklin S. Rising for Olivia Langdon (see note 2) included a romantic re-creation of the scene somewhat different from that present in this notebook:

We were at sea five Sundays. He felt it his duty to preach, but of the 15 passengers, none even pretended to sing, & he was so diffident that he hardly knew how he was to get along without a choir. I said, “Go ahead—I'll stand by you—I'll be your choir.”—And he did go ahead—& I was his choir. We could find only one hymn that I knew. It was “Oh, Refresh us.” Only one—& so for five Sundays in succession he stood in the midst of the assembled people on the quarter-deck & gave out that same hymn twice a day, & I stood up solitary & alone & sang it! And then he went right along, happy & contented, & preached his sermon.... Now the glories of heaven are about him, & in his ears its mysterious music is sounding—but to me comes no vision but a lonely ship in a great solitude of sky & water; & unto my ears comes no sound but the complaining of the waves & the softened cadences of that simple old hymn—but Oh, Livy, it comes freighted with infinite pathos.

108 “There is a breed of cats on Oahu, which have tails about two inches long, with a half-turn in them. They came here in this wise: Some sixteen years ago, a vessel arrived in this port, and the Captain applied to Monsieur Victor [Chancerel], then proprietor of the French Hotel, to furnish him with recruits (provender) for his vessel. This M. Victor promptly did, and the Captain pleased with his dispatch, invited him on board his vessels, and presented him with a male and female cat of the breed” (Daily Hawaiian Herald, 2 October 1866).

109

On 17 June 1825 Daniel Webster delivered a stirring address to a vast audience assembled for the laying of the cornerstone of the Bunker Hill Monument.

His voice was very clear and full, and his manner very commanding. Once, owing to the great press, some of the seats and barriers gave way, and there was a moment of considerable confusion, notwithstanding the efforts of those whose duty it was to preserve order. One of these gentlemen said to Mr. Webster: “It is impossible, sir, to restore order.” Mr. Webster replied with a good deal of severity: “Nothing is impossible, sir: let it be done.” Another effort was made, and silence was obtained. (Account by George Ticknor, quoted in George Ticknor Curtis, Life of Daniel Webster, 4th ed., 2 vols. [New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1872], 1:249)

110 Condensed and paraphrased from a prayer written by Henry Ferguson in his journal of the Hornet voyage and wreck (pp. 139–140). During the voyage to San Francisco, Mark Twain was allowed access to the journals of both Fergusons and to the diary of Captain Josiah Mitchell, all of whom were Smyrniote passengers, but, except for the brief quotations and paraphrases that occur in this notebook, nothing survives of the longhand transcriptions he made. In “Forty-Three Days in An Open Boat” (Harper's New Monthly Magazine 34 [December 1866]: 104–113) Mark Twain would reproduce extensive excerpts from these personal records, and, despite his claim that “it did not appear to me that any emendations were necessary” (Harper's, p. 112), he in fact introduced a number of changes to heighten the dramatic effect of his material.

111 This incident may have been recounted to Mark Twain during the voyage to San Francisco. It is not mentioned in either of the Ferguson journals or in Captain Mitchell's diary. Henry Ferguson's journal entry for 14 June, the day before rescue, did begin with a simple observation and expression of hope: “Most lovely rainbow last evening, perfect bow with color most vivid and supplementary bow very distinct. Certainly it is a good sign” (The Journal of Henry Ferguson, p. 120). In “Forty-Three Days in An Open Boat,” however, the entry attributed to him under this date incorporates language from Clemens' note: “Toward evening saw a magnificent double-rainbow—the first we had seen. Captain said, ‘Cheer up, boys, it's a prophecy!—it's the bow of promise!’ ” (Harper's, p. 112).

112 This entry and the later notation to “Write some more biographies of great men & women” (p. 153) suggest a plan for a piece about Daniel Webster similar to the “Biographical Sketch of George Washington” that Mark Twain had published in the Golden Era on 4 March 1866 (reprinted in WG , pp. 106–108, with the date misprinted as 1864). The apocryphal order from Daniel to his older brother Ezekiel must have been intended as a precocious manifestation of that eloquence of command which, as Mark Twain had already remembered, Webster displayed so impressively at Bunker Hill. These plans for burlesque biographies resulted in nothing more than the strained and undistinguished “Origin of Illustrious Men,” which appeared in the Californian on 29 September 1866 (reprinted in MTSF , pp. 248–249).

113 The last lines of “The American Flag” by Joseph Rodman Drake. This poem was included in Ocean Scenes (pp. 381–382).

114 A dramatized version of Grant's reply to Confederate General Simon Bolivar Buckner at Fort Donelson, Kentucky, on 16 February 1862.

115 A paraphrase of Ethan Allen's demand for the surrender of Fort Ticonderoga on 10 May 1775.

116 The speech delivered in 1774 to colonial officials of Virginia in which John Logan, or Tahgahjute, Mingo chief and warrior, reproached the white man for rewarding his friendship with the extermination of his entire family, which was wantonly killed during reprisals for an Indian robbery of some Ohio River land adventurers. Logan's speech received much contemporary publication both in America and England and became a declamation exercise in schools in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.

117 Although a bee and a dog do figure in tales attributed to Markiss, the Maui liar, in chapter 77 of Roughing It, this lightning story does not appear there.

118 On 30 July, Clemens wrote his mother and sister: “I have been copying the diary of one of the young Fergusons ... to publish in Harper's magazine, if I have time to fix it up properly when I get to San Francisco” (journal letter of 30 July–20 August 1866 to Jane Clemens and Pamela Moffett, published with omissions in MTL , pp. 115–119). This was the journal of Samuel Ferguson, which makes up the bulk of “Forty-Three Days in An Open Boat.” Mark Twain's use of the Ferguson journals in “My Début As A Literary Person” (Century 37 [November 1899]: 76–88), a revised version of the earlier Harper's article, would elicit a complaint from Henry Ferguson, then an Episcopal clergyman and professor of history at Trinity College in Hartford. Ferguson maintained that even in 1866 he had not anticipated verbatim quotation and had expected “that we should see what you had taken from the journals before the article was published” (Henry Ferguson to SLC, 8 December 1899). He was somewhat placated to learn that proceeds from the original article had been “sent to a church in Stamford,” but he remained particularly offended by Mark Twain's failure to omit or alter the names of Hornet survivors mentioned in an uncomplimentary or equivocal fashion in the diaries. Although Ferguson declined Mark Twain's offer to suppress “My Début As A Literary Person,” he made a number of suggestions for the alteration of offensive passages, all of which Mark Twain followed before including the article in The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg and Other Stories and Essays (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1900).

119 “Larboard Watch Ahoy!” is the last line of the chorus of “The Larboard Watch,” a song by Thomas E. Williams.

120

Dr. Judd was witness to two racial incidents involving Princes Alexander Liholiho (Kamehameha IV) and Lot Kamehameha (Kamehameha V) while the three were in the United States in 1850 on a diplomatic mission:

The princes' dark coloring led to a singularly ugly episode on the morning of June 4, as they boarded a train for Baltimore. While Dr. Judd was checking the baggage, a conductor “unceremoniously” ordered Alexander out of the railway car.... Alexander protested indignantly until Dr. Judd hurried in to the car and made the necessary explanations. Somewhat later, on a Hudson River boat, the princes were refused admittance to the dining salon. In later years, when he had come to favor Hawaii's annexation by the United States, Dr. Judd did his best to make light of both episodes. He insisted that the railway car was reserved for women and that the princes were excluded from the steamboat salon merely because they were too late for the first sitting. But Alexander, in particular, attributed the incidents to American color prejudice.... After having been cordially received in both England and France the princes developed a violent anti-American prejudice. (Gerrit Parmele Judd, IV, Dr. Judd, Hawaii's Friend: A Biography of Gerrit Parmele Judd [Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1960], p. 186)

121 The journalist and diplomat Frederick Seward commented in his memoirs on reaction to the Hawaiian princes. Alexander and Lot, he wrote, “were educated, erect, graceful, and were royal princes. Washington society was disposed to adore their rank, but balked at their complexion. It was feared they might be ‘black’ ” (Frederick W. Seward, Reminiscences of a War-Time Statesman and Diplomat, 1830–1915 [New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1916], p. 81).

122 An emotion-charged account of events that occurred between February and August 1843, when, at the instigation of British officials, Lord George Paulet, in command of the frigate Carysfort, was in Honolulu to protect the interests of English subjects.

123 Although in this case Kamehameha III was not forced to cede his kingdom and the actual French occupation of Honolulu under Admiral Legoarant de Tromelin lasted less than two weeks (from 25 August to 5 September 1849), it took almost three years of bitter litigation to produce even a temporary accord and ten years to achieve a final settlement, which was still not completely satisfactory to the Hawaiian throne.

124 In 1865 and 1866 Dowager Queen Emma visited France and England, much to the dismay of the American residents of Hawaii. At the suggestion of Kamehameha V, she also visited the United States in order to help counter allegations of the royal family's dislike of America. On 17 October 1866 the Daily Hawaiian Herald would print a letter from Mark Twain describing Emma's arrival and reception in San Francisco on 24 September.

125 Intended perhaps as a response to Edward Burlingame's pun on Mark Twain's name (see note 37).

126 Mark Twain may have intended to use the following notes in a Union letter about the Smyrniote which would have paralleled his account of the Ajax. He did not, however, describe the return voyage in his Sandwich Islands writings.

127 On 19 May 1866 editor Henry M. Whitney had reprinted in the Pacific Commercial Advertiser a passage about Hawaii's great variety of cats from Mark Twain's letter in the Sacramento Daily Union of 19 April.

128 These opinions would find expression in 1876, when Clemens wrote 1601: Conversation As It Was by the Social Fireside in the Time of the Tudors and in an Autobiographical Dictation of 7 November 1906 titled “Simplified Spelling” ( LE , pp. 159–163).

129 Neither this entry nor the following one was based on incidents recorded in the journals of the Fergusons or in the diary of Captain Mitchell.

130 Samuel Ferguson had undertaken the Hornet voyage to recuperate after what his brother later termed “a severe attack of lung fever” (Henry Ferguson to SLC, 8 December 1899). This illness, aggravated by prolonged exposure, led to his death in the fall of 1866.

131 The Reverend Franklin Rising must also have observed the aptness of this phrase, for according to Captain Mitchell's diary (p. 64) he preached from the parable of the prodigal son on Sunday, 12 August.

132 After sixteen days at sea it was decided to separate the three Hornet lifeboats in order to increase the chances of there being some survivors. Food and water were divided, and the first mate's boat drifted away. Three days later, after a further division of stores, the second mate's boat separated from Captain Mitchell's longboat. Neither of the mates' boats was recovered.

133 Mark Twain has conflated the title of a song by Charles Fenno Hoffman with imperfectly remembered passages from Francis M. Finch's “Smoking Song.” Although the fourth stanza borrows tone and language from Finch's work, it is apparently Mark Twain's invention.

134 In 1866 this anecdote had little relation to the facts of shoe manufacture in Lynn, Massachusetts. The responsibility of individual workmen for the entire product had ended during the preceding ten years, with the replacement of small handwork shops by large steam factories using assembly-line techniques and machinery.

135 This passage, considerably revised, appeared dated 8 August in Mark Twain's journal letter to his mother and sister ( MTL , p. 118).

136 Possibly James Bicknell, who had been part of the Hawaiian mission to the Marquesas Islands and who was on Oahu at the time of Mark Twain's visit.

137 Linton L. Torbert, a former sea captain, who had become a Sandwich Islands sugar planter and merchant.

138 In chapter 76 of Roughing It Mark Twain would tell of mountain horses on Hawaii which, never having learned to drink running water, tried to chew it when it was offered to them. Waimea on Kauai, shut off by mountains from trade winds and clouds, was noted for its dryness.

139 It was this persistent solitude, and the sense of indolence it brought, that touched off Mark Twain's surrounding recollections of the childhood incidents and superstitions that would figure so prominently in his later work.

140 On 6 August Clemens wrote his mother and sister: “I am leader of the choir on this ship, and a sorry lead it is. I hope they will have a better opinion of our music in Heaven than I have down here. If they don't a thunderbolt will come down and knock the vessel endways” (SLC to Jane Clemens and Pamela Moffett, journal letter of 30 July–20 August 1866, MTL , p. 117).

141 The following draft of a conclusion for Mark Twain's proposed Harper's article (see note 118) draws its piety from the journals of Henry and Samuel Ferguson. It was not used in “Forty-Three Days in An Open Boat.”

142 This argument is attributable to Hornet Third Mate John S. Thomas. Thomas had provided Mark Twain with information about a “Portyghee,” probably Antonio Cassero (see note 96), who was “always of a hungry disposition” and at the onset of the disaster had plundered the ship's provisions of “bread enough, if economised in twenty-eighth-day rations, to have run the long-boat party three months” (Sacramento Daily Union, 19 July 1866, MTH , p. 342).

143 This incident, which derives from Mark Twain's Nevada period, may have been recalled to him aboard the Smyrniote by the Reverend Franklin Rising. Although the entry evidences a pathetic intent, its language anticipates Scotty Briggs' vernacular assault upon the innocent young minister, Rising's fictional counterpart, in chapter 47 of Roughing It.

144 Perhaps the title for a manual of impressive speeches, which the notations of eloquence in this notebook indicate that Mark Twain considered compiling.

145 One of the tall tales told by Markiss in chapter 77 of Roughing It.

146 The following two paragraphs correspond almost exactly to passages dated 8 and 10 August, respectively, in Clemens' 30 July–20 August journal letter to his mother and sister ( MTL , pp. 118–119). It is likely that these paragraphs, more polished and less telegraphic in style than most notebook entries, were written in the letter first and later copied into the notebook. The second paragraph, describing the brig seen against the setting sun, was almost certainly added to the notebook later than the following paragraph beginning “Aug 13,” which fills the bottom of the notebook page. Had that space been available, Clemens would have used it to continue the description of the brig instead of squeezing the addition into the margin as he did.

147 In an unpublished passage in his 30 July–20 August journal letter Clemens informed his mother and sister that in his notebook under 13 August he found “the following terse & irreverent remark: ‘Ashore again, & devilish sorry for it’ ” (TS in MTP).

148 An adaptation of lines from “The Pirate's Serenade,” a popular song by the Scottish composer John Thomson with words by William Kennedy. Mark Twain's alteration of the last phrase, which originally read “skies never weep,” is explained by his comment upon the same lines in a fragment of the Sandwich Islands novel he began in 1884: “The skies do weep, there, but the leaves never fade—because the skies weep” (DV 111). He would use these verses again in 1903 in Christian Science.

149 A reference to a story Mark Twain had seen in a magazine sponsored by the Hawaiian Mission Children's Society (see Notebook 6, notes 59 and 60).

150 Henry Mayhew, London Labour and the London Poor; A Cyclopaedia of the Condition and Earnings of Those That Will Work, Those That Cannot Work, and Those That Will Not Work (London: G. Woodfall and Son, 1851).

151 This entry combines distorted versions of several episodes in Hawaiian history. The inclination of Kamehameha III to dispose of the burden of the kingdom can be dated at least as early as 1849, when, despondent over recent English and French incursions, he secretly instructed Gerrit P. Judd to negotiate sale of the Hawaiian Islands to “any King, President or Government or Agent thereof” (L. F. Judd, Honolulu, p. 317), should that seem necessary to insure protection against future depredations. Although Judd never had occasion to invoke this emergency authority, in the summer of 1852 he passed on to the Hawaiian government an offer of $5,000,000 from New York shipping magnate Alfred Grenville Benson for the purchase of the Hawaiian Islands, a proposal which does not seem to have received serious consideration. In December 1854, the death of Kamehameha III, as a result of illness precipitated by intemperance, ended a move toward annexation then under way. Prince Alexander Liholiho (Kamehameha IV), who had been withholding his required consent by avoiding the negotiations, promptly terminated them upon assuming the throne.

152 After the death of Kamehameha III, Minister of Foreign Affairs Robert Crichton Wyllie had opposed further negotiations for annexation by the United States, not on behalf of England, but because of his commitment to the impractical idea of a tripartite treaty by which England, France, and the United States would guarantee Hawaiian independence.

155 Wyllie had died on 19 October 1865 after more than twenty years as minister of foreign affairs. Mark Twain is probably echoing speculation current at the time of his visit about the office Wyllie would inevitably assume in death, after his long attendance upon majesty in life.

153 Mark Twain interlined the word “women” with a caret, but the manuscript gives no further indication of its meaning in this passage.

154 The significance of this marginal note and any relation it may have to the phrase “Pearls at Ewa,” opposite it on the facing manuscript page, are unknown.

156 Captain George Vancouver visited the Sandwich Islands three times between 1792 and 1794 at the head of a British exploring expedition. It has been confirmed that in the course of extensive dealings with Kamehameha I, Vancouver promised the king a man-of-war armed with brass guns, but the promise of a clergyman remains an unsubstantiated Hawaiian tradition.

157 This remark is quite consistent with Mark Twain's scorn for the Hawaiian Reformed Catholic church (see Notebook 6, pp. 197–198, and his letter in the Sacramento Daily Union of 30 July 1866, MTH , pp. 354–355) and, if actually made, was probably directed toward the Reverend George Mason, Anglican clergyman whom Mark Twain had planned to visit at Lahaina (see Notebook 6, p. 229).

158 “The Serious Family” was the title of Morris Barnett's popular comedy about a fortune-hunting cleric's futile attempt to reform a pleasure-loving family. It had been most recently presented at Maguire's Opera House in San Francisco on 12 May 1865. The title was employed as an epithet for the missionaries by Mark Twain himself in a letter of 20 August 1866 ( SSix , pp. 210–211) petitioning the publishers of the Californian for the paper's editorship. He claimed to be a “Moral Phenomenon” amply qualified by his own missionary experience in the Sandwich Islands to correct its deficient moral tone.

159 On the evening of 24 August 1866, Bianchi's Grand Italian Opera company presented Il Trovatore at the Metropolitan Theatre in San Francisco. Mark Twain's impulse to burlesque the production seems to indicate that he did not agree with the estimation of the Alta California of 25 August, which reported that the opera had been presented “in an unexceptionable manner.” Mark Twain's dislike for opera persisted throughout his life.

160 Mark Twain occasionally poked fun at S. W. H. Ward & Son, San Francisco manufacturers of men's shirts, whose aggressive, sometimes imaginative, advertising was well known to residents of the area. On 2 December 1866 the San Francisco Morning Call would notify its readers that “Prince Bill, the heir apparent of the Sandwich Islands, is a very nice, gentlemanly fellow, speaks two or three languages, plays a good game of billiards, dresses in good taste, and wears Ward's shirts, which he obtains from 323 Montgomery street.”

161 This note, written on a page by itself, was intended for Denis E. McCarthy, Mark Twain's former associate on the Virginia City Territorial Enterprise. It was presumably interrupted by McCarthy's arrival for an appointment on 4 September 1866. The two men may have met to discuss plans for the lecture tour of California and Nevada towns that Mark Twain was to make under McCarthy's convivial management in October and November of that year.

162 Mark Twain inverted the notebook to isolate the following Hornet notes, evidently made in July or August while reading the Ferguson and Mitchell journals aboard the Smyrniote. The exact order of inscription remains somewhat unclear.

163 The final pages of Henry Ferguson's journal contain apprehensive notes exchanged by the two brothers concerning the ill-feeling shown toward Captain Mitchell and themselves by members of the crew in the longboat who had also expressed a disposition to eat human flesh.

164 Mark Twain collaborated in the Sacramento Daily Union's coverage of the thirteenth annual fair of the California State Agricultural Society, held in Sacramento from 10 through 15 September 1866 (see Edgar M. Branch, “Mark Twain Reports the Races in Sacramento,” The Huntington Library Quarterly 32 [February 1969]: 179–186). The notes through “Both Races” were inscribed with the notebook still inverted, apparently because Mark Twain chanced to open it to the previous series of Hornet entries.

165 The following names refer to horses Mark Twain observed competing in races or show events at the California State Agricultural Society Fair in Sacramento. All except Ellen Casserly are mentioned in the Sacramento Daily Union's reports of activities at the stock grounds.

166 A dedication drafted for a book made up from his Sacramento Union letters, which Clemens worked on late in 1866. By mid-January 1867 he could speak of soon getting an “illustrated book on the Sandwich Islands in the hands of the printers” (SLC to E. P. Hingston, 15 January 1867, Lehigh University), but by May he admitted to his family that “I hardly think Dick & Fitzgerald [New York publishers whose literary list emphasized southwestern humorists] will accept the Sandwich Island book” (SLC to “Dear Folks,” 20 May 1867); and the following month he informed them that “I have withdrawn the Sandwich Island book—it would be useless to publish it in these dull publishing times” (SLC to “Dear Folks,” 7 June 1867, MTL , p. 127). A few years later The Innocents Abroad would carry a much more somber and conventional tribute to Jane Clemens, one which Mark Twain would afterwards too exclusively attribute to unconscious plagiarism of the dedication to Oliver Wendell Holmes' Songs in Many Keys (1862), which he had read while in the Sandwich Islands.

167 The following entries, through the table of latitude and longitude, are written on the back flyleaf and endpaper of this notebook.

168 Written on the back cover (see note 151).

Emendations and Doubtful Readings

Ⓜ Excelsior, instead • possibly ‘Excelsior instead’

Ⓜ far • possibly ‘for’

Ⓜ set • possibly ‘get’

Ⓜ flag-ship • flag- | ship

Ⓜ good paying • possibly ‘good-paying’

Ⓜ 235 • possibly ‘255’

Ⓜ watermelons • possibly ‘water melons’

Ⓜ outspoken • possibly ‘out-spoken’

Ⓜ half hours • possibly ‘half-hours’

Ⓜ Aolé • possibly ‘Aolē’

Ⓜ attention • possibly ‘attention!’

Ⓜ bootjack • possibly ‘boot-jack’

Ⓜ [kiki] • possibly ‘wiki’

Ⓜ aske • possibly ‘aski’

Ⓜ to-morrows • possibly ‘tomorrows’

Ⓜ awhile • a awhile ‘on awhile’ possible but doubtful

Ⓜ these • thesese

Ⓜ about road at large • ‘at large’ possibly intended as an alternative to ‘abroad’

Ⓜ grand (tremendous) • ‘(tremendous)’ possibly intended as an alternative to ‘grand’

Ⓜ inherently • inher inherently

Ⓜ wheelbarrow • wheel- | barrow

Ⓜ gimcrack • gim- | crack possibly ‘jim-crack’

Ⓜ men-o-wars-men • men-o-wars- | men

Ⓜ topsail • top- | sail

Ⓜ staysails • stay- | sails

Ⓜ Mrs. • Mr.s

Ⓜ snowwhite • possibly ‘snow-white’

Ⓜ mainmast • main- | mast

Ⓜ painkiller. 78 • painkiller.

Ⓜ cow dung • possibly ‘cow-dung’

Ⓜ astern • a- | stern

Ⓜ forecastle • fore- | castle

Ⓜ [¶]Further along: She is ... [¶]Aug 13 • possibly ‘[¶]She is ... [¶] Further along: [¶]Aug 13’

Ⓜ 126.33 • possibly ‘126.32’

Ⓜ thought • thoug ought corrected miswriting

Ⓜ broomstick • broom- | stick

Ⓜ yowling • yowwling

Ⓜ she's • possibly ‘sh is’

Ⓜ table-cloth • table- | cloth

Ⓜ low-neck • low- | neck

Textual Notes

Ⓣ Ch 19 . . . 452 written in what appears to be black ink on the front cover

Ⓣ Rev. . . . N.Y. written with the notebook inverted

Ⓣ Mark Twain. written diagonally across the front endpaper

Ⓣ Ferns . . . creeping written with the notebook inverted

Ⓣ A. Gamble . . . . . Q Pac written over March 7, 1866.

Ⓣ Prov . . . New York. written with the notebook inverted, with lines drawn enclosing each of these three entries in a separate box

Ⓣ Mrsessrs. ‘essrs.’ written over ‘rs’

Ⓣ shipp ed ‘ed’ canceled in brown ink

Ⓣ worthless worthless brother the first ‘worthless’ is canceled in blue ink; the second was interlined in pencil, then erased

Ⓣ acquaintance. the bottom half of the page is blank below this entry

Ⓣ Sunday—Old a flourish below this line may have originally been intended to separate ‘Sunday—’ from the rest of the entry, but it was subsequently ignored

Ⓣ deald ‘d’ written over ‘l’

Ⓣ White . . . each. written in brown ink

Ⓣ dided. ‘ed’ written over ‘d’

Ⓣ its ‘s’ written over ‘t’

Ⓣ dirt on. a flourish originally ending the entry here was overwritten and the entry was continued

Ⓣ Pr. V. . . . abortions. circled

Ⓣ 285 ‘5’ written over ‘8’

Ⓣ When . . . I'll brain you! ‘When . . . (impressively’ interlined above canceled ‘ “Mr. Brown . . . pilikia now!”’ ; ‘Well . . . I'll brain you!’ crowded diagonally into the right margin of the page

Ⓣ presump- | tion &uous ‘uous’ written over ‘ion &’

Ⓣ Howries . . . so— written lengthwise in the left margin of the page beside ‘Mr. Brown . . . afterward’

Ⓣ longitude? a flourish originally ending the entry here was overwritten and the entry was continued; the uncanceled flourish serves as the dash that follows ‘weakening’ in the manuscript line below ‘longitude?’

Ⓣ 1,2070 ‘7’ written over ‘0’; the comma added

Ⓣ Henry's never showed originally ‘Henry never showed’; ‘never’ inadvertently left standing when ‘’s’ added, ‘showed’ canceled, and the entry continued

Ⓣ coame ‘a’ written over ‘o’

Ⓣ cucumber. the bottom half of the page is blank below this entry

Ⓣ Dont . . . Pali. boxed

Ⓣ drifting about road at large in that grand (tremendous) solitude & ‘at large’ interlined above ‘abroad’; ‘abroad’ mended from the original ‘about’ by interlining ‘road’ above ‘out’; ‘(tremendous)’ interlined below ‘grand’

Ⓣ Romantic . . . boy scrawled lengthwise on the page across the preceding entry

Ⓣ theirre ‘re’ written ove ‘ir’

Ⓣ The Larboard Ahoy! boxed

Ⓣ THE KING written with initial capitals; then underlined three times

150.5 his whole country

Ⓣ woulnd ‘n’ written over ‘l’

Ⓣ Dam! a flourish originally ending the entry here was overwritten and the entry was continued

Ⓣ daughter.⟧ the bottom half of the page is blank below this entry

Ⓣ Mrs. originally ‘Mr.’; the ‘s’ added following the period but not canceling it; emended

Ⓣ —but she . . . nails.‸ ‘till . . . nails’ inserted after the dialogue had been written as far as ‘smart?’; ‘—but she had stretched’ written on the line following ‘Yes.’; ‘till . . . nails.’ written following ‘smart?’ in what was then the next available space. A line drawn from ‘stretched’ to ‘till’ indicates the intended sequence

Ⓣ war sn't ‘s’ written over ‘r’

Ⓣ Shonshone ‘sh’ written over ‘n’

Ⓣ Little . . . too crowded lengthwise into the margin beside the preceding line

Ⓣ main- || brace . . . eye. ‘brace . . . eye.’ written on an otherwise blank left-hand page; since surrounding leaves are inscribed on right-hand pages only, it is likely that Clemens added these entries, probably beginning on the preceding manuscript page at ‘Tie’, after writing at least some of the entries which follow ‘eye.’

Ⓣ string. Tying . . . knots. Go aloft. a flourish on the line below ‘string.’ originally ended the entry either there or possibly at ‘knots.’ which precedes the flourish on the same line; ‘Go aloft.’ follows the flourish and clearly was added as an afterthought

Ⓣ Lie. crowded into the top margin of the page and boxed

Ⓣ s these ‘t’ written over ‘s’

Ⓣ expression. a flourish originally ending the entry here was overwritten and the entry was continued

Ⓣ Dan l iel. ‘iel.’ written over superscript ‘l’ and the period

Ⓣ Joe . . . coffee. 78 | Cat & painkiller. 78 a single ‘78’ is written across both entries; emended

Ⓣ Superstition. written with different pencil on blank top line of page

Ⓣ threatd ‘d’ written over ‘t’

Ⓣ It They was ere ‘They’ written over ‘It’; ‘ere’ written over ‘as’

Ⓣ by that Power him which o ‘o’ written over ‘i’ of ‘which’; ‘ch’ canceled

Ⓣ like unto the follows a caret; there is no interlineation

Ⓣ Harris . . . Speaker. written on an otherwise blank left-hand page; since most surrounding leaves are inscribed on right-hand pages only, it is likely that Clemens wrote these lines later than at least some of the entries which follow ‘Speaker.’; ‘The . . . Speaker.’ written lengthwise on the page in faded brown ink

Ⓣ Further along: She is . . . blood. the intended position of ‘She is . . . blood.’ is uncertain; it is written lengthwise in the left margin of the page beside ‘In my journal . . . freedom’; ‘Further along:’ is written on the line immediately preceding the paragraph beginning ‘Aug 13’; see Doubtful Readings and note 146

Ⓣ gone. . . . out. written on a left-hand page, filling it; since most surrounding leaves are inscribed on right-hand pages only, it is likely that Clemens added these entries, probably beginning on the preceding page at ‘Aug 13’, after writing at least some of the entries which follow ‘out.’

Ⓣ Dogs so no account Nothing . . . tails— Cut . . . balance of the . . . —Brown originally ‘Cut off dog's tail & throw the dog away. —Brown’; ‘Nothing . . . tails—’ and ‘balance of the’ interlined; then ‘Dogs so no account’ interlined above ‘Nothing about’

Ⓣ Don't believe wd welcome anybody. interlined without a caret above ‘cased . . . shell’

Ⓣ Perls written in the left margin and boxed; two lines, ‘has . . . indifferent’, indented to fit around the box

Ⓣ Had . . . Ewa written on two consecutive left-hand pages which are otherwise blank; since these entries interrupt the long entry which precedes them here, and since most surrounding leaves are inscribed on right-hand pages only, these entries were probably added later. ‘Had . . . it.’ is at the top of an otherwise blank page, opposite ‘time . . . possessed’ on the facing right-hand page. ‘Wyllie . . . Angel.’ is at the top of the following left-hand page, opposite ‘from the rest . . . happy.’on the facing page. ‘Pearls at Ewa’ is scrawled at an angle below ‘Wyllie . . . Angel.’ and opposite ‘Perls’ and ‘not dead . . . no doubt.’ on the facing page

Ⓣ Brown . . . Family. written in brown ink

Ⓣ They n ‘n’ written over ‘y’

Ⓣ his er ‘er’ written over ‘is’

Ⓣ Excellent edingly ‘edingly’ written over ‘llent’

Ⓣ (Letter Kanaka written at the bottom of the page, following ‘herself—’; the print edition shows this note at the end of ‘N5_leaf_080r’, following the word ‘End’.

Ⓣ woulnd ‘nd’ written over ‘l’

Ⓣ her .— the dash written over the period

Ⓣ th slam threw ‘slam’ written over ‘th’, then canceled

Ⓣ End. the bottom quarter of the leaf has been torn out following this word on the recto and ‘day.’ on the verso

Ⓣ bur ird ‘ird’ written over ‘ur’

Ⓣ yersiflf ‘lf’ written over ‘f’

Ⓣ Ram. three quarters of the page is blank below this entry

Ⓣ at the min three quarters of the page is blank below this entry; followed by nine blank pages

Ⓣ reverse sequence Clemens inscribed the next four pages beginning from the back cover. They have been transcribed in the order of their inscription. For this reason, the pages below proceed in descending order from leaves 090r–088v, before returning to ascending order to the back cover of the notebook.

Ⓣ Henry . . . language. written in brown ink

Ⓣ Notes on Henry Ferguson's | Log.— ‘Notes . . . Ferguson’s’ written with a different pencil and inserted in the top margin of the page, above the line beginning ‘Log.—’

Ⓣ NEXN NE, ‘NE’ written over ‘EX’; original terminal ‘N’ canceled

Ⓣ Republic . . . inhab— written over the preceding entry

Ⓣ 600[0] . . . 1730‸ ‘Smyrniote . . . 1730’ written over ‘600[0] . . . U.S.’, which is extremely faint

Ⓣ DEAD CALM these words and the wavy lines beside them were added to the list

Ⓣ Sale . . . 1854 written in what appears to be brown ink on the back cover

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