[begin page 4] 
          
          
CHAPTER 2
          
          
             The first thing we did on that glad evening that landed us at St. Joseph
             was to hunt up the stage-office, and pay a hundred and fifty dollars apiece for ticketsⒺ per overland coach to Carson City, Nevada.
          
          The next morning, bright and early, we took a hasty breakfast, and hurried to the
             starting-place. Then an inconvenience presented itself which we had not properly appreciated
             before, namely, that one cannot make a
             heavy traveling trunk stand for twenty-five pounds of baggage—because it weighs a
             good deal more. But that was all we could
             take—twenty-five pounds each. So 
             
 we had to snatch our trunks open, and make a selection in a good deal of a hurry.
             We put our lawful twenty-five pounds apiece
             all in one valise, and shipped the trunks back to St. Louis again. It was a sad parting,
             for now we had no swallow-tail coats and white
             kid gloves to wear at Pawnee receptions in the Rocky Mountains, and no 
stove-pipe
Ⓐ hats nor patent-leather boots, nor anything else necessary to make life calm and
             peaceful. We were reduced to a war-footing.
             Each of us put on a rough, heavy suit of clothing, woolen army shirt and “stogy” boots
             included; and into the valise we
             crowded a few white shirts, some 
underclothing
Ⓐ and such things. My brother, the Secretary, took along about four pounds of 
U. S.
Ⓐ statutes and six pounds of Unabridged Dictionary; for we did not know—poor 
 [begin page 5] 
             innocents—that such things could be bought in San Francisco on one day and received
             in Carson City the next. I was armed to the
             teeth with 
a pitiful little Smith & Wesson’s 
seven-shooter
Ⓐ, which carried a ball like a homĵopathic pill, and it took the whole seven 
             
 to make a dose for an adult. But I thought it was grand. It appeared to me to be
             a dangerous weapon. It only had one
             fault—you could not hit anything with it
Ⓔ. One of our “conductors”
             practiced awhile on a cow with it, and as long as she stood still and behaved herself
             she was safe; but as soon as she went to moving
             about, and he got to shooting at other things, she came to grief. The Secretary had
             a small-sized Colt’s revolver strapped
             around him for protection against the Indians, and to guard against accidents he carried
             it uncapped. 
Mr. George Bemis
Ⓔ was dismally formidable. George Bemis was our fellow-traveler. We
             had never seen him before. He wore in his belt 
an old original “Allen” revolver, such
             as irreverent people called a “
pepper-box
Ⓐ.”
Ⓔ Simply drawing the trigger back, cocked and fired the pistol. As the
             trigger came back, the hammer would begin to rise and the barrel to turn over, and
             presently down would drop the hammer, and away would
             speed the ball. To aim along the turning barrel and hit the thing aimed at was a feat
             which was probably never done with an
             “Allen” in the world. But George’s was a reliable weapon, nevertheless, because, as
             one of the stage-drivers
             afterward said, “If she didn’t get what she went after, she would fetch something
             else.” And so she did. She went
             after a deuce of spades nailed against a tree, once, and fetched a mule standing about
             thirty yards to the left of it. Bemis did not
             want the mule; but the owner came out with a double-barreled 
shotgun
Ⓐ and persuaded him to buy it, anyhow. It was a cheerful weapon—the “Allen.” Sometimes
             all its six barrels
             would go off at once, and then there was no safe place in all the region round about,
             but behind it.
          
          
We took two or three blankets for protection against frosty weather in the mountains.
             In the
             matter of luxuries we were modest—we took none along but some pipes and five pounds
             of smoking  [begin page 6] tobacco. We had two large canteens to carry water in, between stations on the Plains,
             and we also took with us a little shot-bag of
             silver coin for daily expenses in the way of breakfasts and dinners.
          
          
          
          By eight o’clock everything was ready, and we were on the other side of the river.
             We jumped into the stage, the driver cracked his whip, and we bowled awayⒺ
             and left “the States” behind usⒺ. It was a superb summer morning, and all the landscape was brilliant with sunshine.
             There was a freshness
             and breeziness, too, and an exhilarating sense of emancipation from all sorts of cares
             and responsibilities, that almost made us feel
             that the years we had spent in the close, hot city, toiling and slaving, had been
             wasted and thrown away. We were spinning along
             through Kansas, and in the course of an hour and a half we were fairly abroad on the
             great Plains. Just here the land was
             rolling—a grand sweep of regular elevations and depressions as far as the eye could
             reach—like the stately heave and
             swell of the ocean’s bosom after a storm. And everywhere were cornfields, accenting
             with squares of deeper green, this limitless
             expanse of grassy land. But presently this sea upon dry ground was  [begin page 7] to lose its “rolling”
             character and stretch away for seven hundred miles as level as a floor!
          
          Our coach was a great swinging and swaying stage, of the most sumptuous
             description—an imposing cradle on wheelsⒺ. It
             was drawn by six handsome horses, and by the side of the driver sat the “conductor,”
             the legitimate captain of the craft;
             for it was his business to take charge and care of the mails, baggage, express matter,
             and passengers. We three were the only
             passengers, this trip. We sat on the back seat, inside. 
             
 About all the rest of the coach was full of 
mail-bags
Ⓐ—for 
we had three days’ delayed mails with us
Ⓔ. Almost touching our knees, a perpendicular wall of mail matter rose up to the roof.
             There was a great pile of it
             strapped on top of the stage, and both the fore and hind boots were full. We had twenty-seven
             hundred pounds of it aboard, the driver
             said—“a little for Brigham, and Carson, and ’Frisco, but the heft of it for the Injuns,
             which is powerful
             troublesome ’thout they get plenty of truck to read.” But as he just then got up a
             fearful convulsion of his countenance
             which was suggestive of a wink being swallowed by an earthquake, we guessed that his
             remark was intended to be facetious, and to mean
             that 
we would unload the most of our mail matter somewhere on the Plains
Ⓔ and leave it to the Indians, or whosoever wanted it.
          
          
We changed horses every ten miles, all day long, and fairly flew over the hard, level
             road. We
             jumped out and stretched our legs every time the coach stopped, and so the night found
             us still vivacious and unfatigued.
          
          After supper a woman got in, who lived about fifty miles further on, and we three
             had to take
             turns at sitting outside with the driver and conductor. Apparently she was not a talkative
             woman. She would sit there in the gathering
             twilight and fasten her steadfast  [begin page 8] eyes on a mosquito rooting into her 
             
 arm, and slowly she would raise her other hand till she had got his range, and then
             she would launch a slap at him that would
             have jolted a cow; and after that she would sit and contemplate the corpse with tranquil
             
             
 satisfaction—for she never missed her mosquito; she was a dead shot at short range.
             She never removed a carcase, but
             left them there for bait. I sat by this grim Sphynx and watched her kill thirty or
             forty mosquitoes—watched her, and waited for
             her to say something, but she never did. So I finally opened the conversation myself.
             I said:
          
          
“The mosquitoes are pretty bad, about here, madam.”
          
          “You bet!”
          
          “What did I understand you to say, madam?”
          
          “You bet!”
          
          
              [begin page 9] Then she cheered up, and faced around and said:
          
          “Danged if I didn’t begin to think you fellers was deef and dumb. I did, b’
             gosh. Here I’ve sot, and sot, and sot, a bust’nⒶ muskeeters and wonderin’ what was ailin’ ye. Fust I thot you was deef and dumb, then
             I thot you was sick or crazy,
             or suthin’, and then by and by I begin to reckon you was a passel of sickly fools
             that couldn’t think of nothing to say.
             Wher’d ye come from?”
          
          The Sphynx was a Sphynx no more! The fountains of her great
             deep were broken up, and she rained the nine parts of speech forty days and forty
             nightsⒺ, metaphorically speaking, and buried usⒶ under a desolating deluge of trivial gossip that left not a crag or pinnacle of rejoinder
             projecting above the tossing waste of
             dislocated grammar and decomposed pronunciation!
          
          How we suffered, suffered, suffered! She went on, hour after hour, till I was sorry
             I ever
             opened the mosquito question and gave her a start. She never did stop again until
             she got to her journey’s end toward daylight;
             and then she stirred us up as she was leaving the stage (for we were nodding, by that
             time), and said:
          
          “Now you git out at Cottonwood, you fellers, and lay over a couple o’ days, and
             I’ll be along some time to-night, and if I can do ye any good by edgin’ in a word
             now and then, I’m right thar.
             Folks ’ll tell you ’t I’ve always ben kind o’ offish and partic’lar for a gal that’s
             raised
             in the woods, and I am, with the rag-tag and bob-tail, and a gal has to be, if she wants
             to be anything, but when people comes along which is my equals, I reckon I’m a pretty sociable
             heifer
             after all.”
          
          We resolved not to “lay by at Cottonwood.”
           
       
          Explanatory Notes CHAPTER 2
          Ⓔ a hundred and fifty
             dollars apiece for tickets] Mark Twain evidently misremembered the actual cost. 
The receipt
             for the two fares, issued by the Central Overland California and Pike’s Peak Express
             Company on 25 July 1861 for the trip from
             St. Joseph to Carson City, indicates that after an initial payment of $300, another
             $100 was due within thirty days,
             bringing the total to $200 per passenger. Three months later, in October 1861, the
             fare was reduced to $150, after the
             start of the line was moved from St. Joseph to nearby Atchison, Kansas (receipt in
             
CU-MARK, facsimile in 
                   L1
                   , 122; “The Overland Mail
             Route,” San Francisco 
Evening Bulletin, 24 June 61, 3; “Overland Mail” and “Greatly
             Reduced Rates,” Atchison 
Freedom’s Champion, 12 Oct 61, 2, 3; 
Root and Connelley, 44).
 
          Ⓔ a pitiful little Smith
             & Wesson’s seven-shooter . . . you could not hit anything with it] Smith and Wesson’s
             first
             production, introduced in 1857, was a twenty-two-caliber “Patent Breech-Loading 7
             Shot Revolver,” which weighed eight
             ounces and had a barrel less than four inches long. 
It was not accurate beyond ten or fifteen
             yards: “In a day when large-calibered guns were the rule, it must have been regarded
             as little more than a toy” (
McHenry and Roper, 27, 139–40, 182).
 
          Ⓔ Mr. George Bemis]
             Presumably Mark Twain invented Bemis. “Capt G. T. Hicher” and one other man accompanied
             the Clemens brothers when they
             called on Brigham Young in Salt Lake City (see the note at 92.22–93.3), but nothing
             has been found to suggest that either man
             accompanied them from St. Joseph.
 
          Ⓔ an old original
             “Allen” revolver . . . a “pepper-box.”] Bemis’s weapon was not properly
             speaking a revolver (which has a single barrel), but a small-caliber pistol with six
             barrels (see the illustration on page 5), first
             manufactured by Ethan Allen in 1837. 
Its hammer cocked automatically with each pull of the trigger
             until all of its barrels, which revolved around a common axis, were fired. The name
             “pepper-box” derived from its
             resemblance (when viewed from the front) to the “perforations in the top of an old-fashioned
             pepper shaker.” Such
             pistols were very popular, in spite of their inaccuracy at a range of more than a
             few feet (
Chapel, 84–88, 92).
 
          Ⓔ 
              [begin page 577] We jumped into the stage . . . and we bowled away] Orion kept a journal of the trip,
             which
             Clemens borrowed to help him write the opening chapters (SLC to OC, 15 July 70, 
CU-MARK,
             in 
                   MTL
                   , 1:174–75). 
The
             journal itself is no longer extant, but some—or possibly all—of its contents survive,
             transcribed by Orion in a letter
             of 8 and 9 September 1861 to his wife, Mollie. This journal transcript provides a
             cursory account of the brothers’ journey,
             from their 26 July departure from St. Joseph to their 14 August arrival in Carson
             City, with a brief description of the stopover at
             Salt Lake City on 6–7 August. It is printed in 
supplement A, together with a
             schematic comparison of Orion’s account with the account in 
Roughing It. Maps 1A–1D in 
supplement B show the overland route and locate all of the stagecoach stations and other
             significant landmarks mentioned in the text and notes.
 
          Ⓔ and left “the States”
             behind us] After the travelers ferried across the river at St. Joseph they disembarked
             in Kansas, which had become a state in
             January 1861; they would not leave “the States” proper until they entered Nebraska
             Territory (see the note at
             12.18–19).
 
          Ⓔ an imposing cradle on
             wheels] The Concord coach, manufactured by the Abbot-Downing Company of Concord, New
             Hampshire, was the standard vehicle used
             on all the major western stage lines at the time. Its body “rested on stout leather
             straps, called thorough braces, which
             rocked the stage body back and forth in a motion more pleasant to passengers than
             the ordinary jars of a wagon” and also
             diminished “the violence of jolts transmitted from the coach to the animals” (
Hafen, 306; 
Greever, 44).
 
          Ⓔ we had three
             days’ delayed mails with us] On 1 July 1861 daily mail service was begun over a central
             overland route from St. Joseph
             to Sacramento. 
The Central Overland California and Pike’s Peak Express Company (which until
             July had transported mail only semimonthly) was assigned responsibility for the line
             from St. Joseph to Salt Lake City, and from there
             the route was managed by the Butterfield Overland Mail Company, which until March
             1861 had been carrying the daily mail over a
             southern route. The Butterfield Company had abandoned this southern route because
             of Confederate depredations, and, under an agreement
             with the Central Overland Company, moved its stock and equipment to the central route.
             The closure of the southern route, plus the
             inability of steamers to depart New York City after 20 June, led by early July to
             the accumulation of over twelve tons of mail at the
             St. Joseph office, some of which no doubt accompanied the Clemens brothers (
Hafen,
             92–94, 161, 211–14, 217–18; 
Conkling and Conkling, 2:325–26,
             337–38, “Progress of the Continental Telegraph—The Overland Mail Company—Complaints
             as to the Newspaper
             Carriage Answered,” San Francisco 
Evening Bulletin, 6 Sept 61, 2).
 
          Ⓔ 
             
             
                 [begin page 578] we would unload the most of our mail . . . on the Plains] Contemporary accounts, including
                the
                postmaster general’s, confirm that in order to lighten their loads overland drivers
                sometimes stashed mail (especially printed
                material) along the route for a later stage to pick up, or even abandoned it altogether.
                The San
                Francisco Evening Bulletin commented in September 1861:
             
             
                
                Our
                   literary folks subscribe for Harper and the Atlantic, and the people of the Great
                   Basin and eastward get them; our
                   “girls” subscribe for Bonner’s Ledger, and the girls over the mountains get them;
                   our babies’ mothers
                   “take Godey for the patterns,” and the Brigham Young and eastward babies have the
                   benefit of the patterns for their
                   Sunday dresses. (“Literary Overlanders,” 21 Sept 61, 3)
                 
             
             By June 1862 the problem had
                become so acute that overburdened drivers were even accused of wantonly destroying
                mail, sometimes while disguised as Indians (Blair, 561; Burton, 214; “The Overland
                Mail Troubles,” San Francisco Alta California, 23 June 62, 1, reprinting the Carson City Silver Age of 19 June; Chapman, 264–67).
              
          Ⓔ The fountains of her
             great deep . . . forty nights] Genesis 7:11–12: “In the six hundredth year of Noah’s
             life
             . . . were all the fountains of the great deep broken up . . . . And the rain was
             upon the earth
             forty days and forty nights.”